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。 事實(shí) 上 ,并非所有的社區(qū) 都可以成為 旅游區(qū),旅游開發(fā) 需要一定的 成本。相比之下,其他來源的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),特別是邊遠(yuǎn)縣,創(chuàng)造 了 相對較 少的直接和間接的好處 。 15 瑞安的書中有一部分介紹 了 用來衡量旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響 的技術(shù) 。 在局部地區(qū) 的 地方 旅游 所得 又用于 旅游支出,從而導(dǎo)致更多的地方收入, 甚至 更多的地方工作 機(jī)會(huì) 。 這些工作 的增加 幫助削減 了 福利 并且 提供一個(gè)收入來源。 第五,旅游業(yè)是勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè),創(chuàng)造 了 大量 就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì) ,雇傭 那些可能仍面臨著失業(yè)的 低技能工人 和青年。 在 背后 ,斯密斯發(fā)現(xiàn),在她對東南地區(qū)的 84 個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村 研究中有 65 個(gè) 旅游縣 在 70 年代 的 人口增長等于或超過全國 的 增長速度 。 第四,鄉(xiāng)村旅游 發(fā)展一直保持增長的趨勢 。 競爭是激烈的,只要 制造產(chǎn) 生產(chǎn)就業(yè)繼續(xù)呈下降趨勢,其余 生產(chǎn) 競爭 就 會(huì)增加。 Mieczkowske 引用了阿爾卑斯山, “ 死亡 ” 釣魚或英國 城鎮(zhèn)新工廠 和加拿大的沿海省份 及 加勒比群島 等具有 地方旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的自然景觀。 旅游開發(fā)利用 的 這些資源, 意義上是“自由”的 ,旅游產(chǎn)業(yè) 沒有為 他們支付 任何成本 。 社區(qū) 居民對自身社區(qū) 驕傲導(dǎo)致居民認(rèn)為他們的家鄉(xiāng) 可以為 旅游者 提供他們所需要的 。人們期望 私營部門 能 提供酒店,汽車旅館,餐飲,娛樂,和其他旅游住宿。 旅游的好處 : 也許是旅游的優(yōu)勢是它被視為即使是最小的社區(qū)公共資源。 與此相反,在 對 世界各地的案例研究發(fā)現(xiàn) , 主人與客人: 纈草烯 編輯的 14 旅游人類學(xué), 旅游從歷史和人類學(xué) 的角度 , 發(fā)現(xiàn) 重點(diǎn)是 旅游 的 影響文化和涵化過程。顯然,完整的旅游業(yè) 定義 包括經(jīng)濟(jì),社會(huì),人類學(xué),和心理的觀點(diǎn)。 人類學(xué)家 的 最 大貢獻(xiàn) 是 確定和研究旅游 發(fā)展開發(fā) 對當(dāng)?shù)匚幕?造成 的影響。 旅游業(yè)的研究, 正如經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的文 獻(xiàn)研究, 借鑒了一 定 范圍廣泛的學(xué)科。批評 發(fā)展旅游業(yè)中工資低及沒錢途的工作及對當(dāng)?shù)刈匀?環(huán)境和腐敗的當(dāng)?shù)匚幕傲?xí)俗。更重要的是,旅游業(yè)策略與當(dāng)代政治哲學(xué)和減少政府 預(yù)算 參與投資 有關(guān) 。 旅游 相關(guān) 工作大多是低技能的工作,這是一個(gè)適合許多農(nóng)村居民的 較好的 工作。 鄉(xiāng)村 旅游 作為經(jīng)濟(jì)農(nóng)村和城市發(fā)展的靈藥越來越受到人們的歡迎。 最后,纈草烯的書介紹了因鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展導(dǎo)致鄉(xiāng)村文化發(fā)生改變的國際研究案例。 賴安的新書是 綜合性的 ,涵蓋 幾乎 所有主要議題 例如 旅游;旅游體驗(yàn);銷售。 however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists’ major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the plete definition of tourism includes the economic, social, anthropological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’ s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast. Benefits of tourism Perhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for munities with minimal public resources. Most 11 munities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist acmodations. Second, tourism is a relatively easytounderstand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism development uses these resources, which are “ free” in the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development. Mieczkowske cites the Alps, “ dying” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces, and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity. Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many munities. The petition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, petition for the remaining plants will only increase. Also, tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing. Fourth, rural tourism h