【正文】 What is truth。 慧遠(yuǎn) 。 ‖ But his English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 5 criticism of 竺將炎 that ―其辭不雅 ‖ was disagreed by those who advocated literal translation (質(zhì)派 ) quoting ―美言不信，信言不美；書不盡言，言不盡意；佛言，依其義不用飾，取其義不以嚴(yán)（妝飾）。心悅君兮，君不知。外臣部 and this is only the beginning of what they will do。 Luminaries (sun and moon)。 《中國翻譯詞典》：178。English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 1 Introduction to Translation Course I. Differences between Translation Exercise and Translation Course Translation Exercise Translation Course Concept a. an ability of language, or a teaching device (listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating) b. a means to learn a FL An independent course to study translation closely related to linguistics, semantics, stylistics, contrastive linguistics, etc. Origin An old method originating from the Grammar Translation Method (Aristotle‘s view of language: the clothing of thought) A new course appearing with the development of FL teaching and research, cultural studies, parative literature Aim To help students to acquire/enrich the knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, patterns and expressions of the TL a. to introduce some basic theories and concepts, methods。 Molei《中國翻譯教學(xué)研究》： 1134。 Seas and earth。 otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.‖ The Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which mortals had built. And the Lord said, ―Look, they are one people, and they have all one language。 ‖ (4) 呂?。骸犊缭轿幕系K：巴比塔的重建》；湖北教育出版社：巴別塔文叢（ 12 volumes） Read the following brief introduction to the history of translation and pick up your favorite points. English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 4 The oldest translation founded: The Greek translation of the Old Testament made by 72 Jewish scholars from Alexandria (Tan Zaixi, 2020: 16) The Septuagint《七十人譯舊約》（ 285—249BC） In China 《冊府元龜 The oldest record of the interpretation of 《越人歌》： “ …… 山有木兮，木有枝。 Greek classics became scholars‘ focus again. After World War Ⅱ : Because of the establishment of EEC (European Economic Community), translation has been greatly needed and developed. A Brief History of Translation in China: 5 periods The translation of the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures: 4 stages Beginning: from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty a. Buddhism’s influence Through the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, the working people, who suffered from wars and the tyranny of the ruling class, were cheated to pin their hopes on religion. According to the doctrine they could go to the heaven with their tolerance of troubles and sufferings in this earthly life b. Translators 三支：支婁迦讖、支亮、支謙 （“天下博知，不出三支”） c. Views on translation: 支謙《法句經(jīng)序》 and 文、質(zhì)之爭 It is the origin of the dispute over the method of literal translation and that of free translation. Zhi Qian (文派 ) appreciated free translation, knowing that ―名物不同，傳實(shí)不易。 鳩摩羅什 。 彥琮 ：《辯證論》 on qualifications for translators Prosperity/climax: The Tang Dynasty a. Why prosperous? The ruling class drew the translators over to their side and supported them. The translators: Different schools of Buddhism studies fawned on/flatted the ruling class so that their doctrines could be spread. English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 6 b. Translators: Xuzang‘s ―New devices for translation‖ (Four great translators of the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures：羅什、真諦、玄奘、不空 ) c. Views on translation Xuzang did not make any assertion whether he was for or against literal or free translation. Yet people labeled his translation as ―new devices for translation,‖ which was essentially a flexible way of making good use of both literal translation and free translation. Besides, Xuanzang took a very serious and responsible attitude towards his translation. He worked hard all the time, setting a brilliant example for his contemporaries and ing generations. The experience of Xuanzang in translation of the Buddhist scriptures is worth summing up. For example, Xuanzang advocated transliteration for polysemous words as 薄伽， the original of which has six different senses (自生，熾盛，端嚴(yán)，名稱，吉祥，尊重 ), for things which did not exist in China, . 閻浮樹 and for other terms which could not be rendered exactly. 五不翻：秘密故，含多義故，無此故，順古故，生善故 Moreover, he employed the following methods while translating the scriptures according to the sumup made by P. Pradhan (柏樂天 )， an Indian scholar, and Zhang Jianmu, a Chinese scholar: 1. Addition, 2. Omission, 3. Transposition, 4. Division or bination, , 6. Restoration of nouns for pronouns. Some of the six methods are related to accidence and some to syntax. Daoxuan, one of his contemporary theorists, spoke highly of his translation, saying: ―All the present translations of Sanskrit scriptures are done by Xuanzang. It is he alone that determines the meaning of the original. And the words flow out of his mouth just as they e from under the pen of a master. His translation is acplished the moment the clerks finish recording his words.‖ As pointed out by Luo Xinzhang, Xuanzang understood the Buddhist doctrine and had a good mand of both Sanskrit and Chinese. He often used the method of literal translation, but he did not give up at all that of free translation when and where he thought it necessary. And Luo quoted from Liang Qichao: ―Xuanzang made a perfect bination of literal translation and free translation. None ever did better than he in such work.‖ 譯場 11 道工序：譯主、證義、證文、度語、筆受、綴文、參譯、刊定、潤文、梵唄、監(jiān)護(hù)大使 Decline and why a. Some religious sect did not stick to religious disciplines. b. Few people could go to India for more scriptures because of frequent wars. c. Interests changed from translating scriptures to studying them.