【正文】 ulture of the feudal class. The struggles between the modern school system and the imperial examination system, between the new learning and the old learning, and between Western learning and Chinese learning, were all of this nature. The English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 8 socalled modern schools or new learning or Western learning of that time concentrated mainly (we say mainly, because in part pernicious vestiges of Chinese feudalism still remained) on the natural sciences and bourgeois social and political theories, which were needed by the representatives of the bourgeoisie. At the time, the ideology of the new learning played a revolutionary role in fighting the Chinese feudal ideology, and it served the bourgeoisdemocratic revolution of the old period. (Mao Zedong, On New Democracy, 1965: 371) Translators and translation associations a. 林則徐 b. Before the SinoJapanese War of 1894—1895: Westernization Movement Guideline: Borrow western learning to serve Chinese traditional learning 同文館和江南制造總局翻譯館 李善蘭：《幾何原本》后九卷，《代數(shù)學(xué)》，《重學(xué)》 傅蘭雅： Advocated science and technology translation 梁啟超；辜鴻銘 c. After the SinoJapanese War: The Reform Movement Advocate western learning 馬建忠 ：《擬設(shè)翻譯書院議》，善譯 嚴(yán)復(fù) ： Xin, Da, Ya His contribution to Chinese translation cause both in theory and in practice is memorable and imperishable. Yan Fu tried to seek truth from the Occident so that china might be saved through social reform. But he tried in vain. The ruling class of the Qing dynasty did not place him in a weighty office. He was deprived of the chance to display his talent in the political sphere. Anyhow, he left behind a series of versions of famous works. With reference to the theory or translation, the three criteria of translation propounded by Yan Fu are worth our noticing. He asserted in the preface to his version of Evolution and Other Essays: ―There exist three phases of difficulties confronting the translation task: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.‖ 林紓 ： Free translation Lin Qinnan was nescient of foreign language and ―translated‖ more than180 pieces of literary works through recording and rewording the oral rendition by his cooperators. He was a staunch advocate of free translation. There can be found man additions and omissions in his versions, which, however, curiously acquainted Chinese people with the way of life, social manners and cultural traditions in European countries. But ironically his faithful rendering of Joan Haste was much criticized. More translators of literature: 周桂笙；蘇曼殊；徐念慈；曾樸；陳獨(dú)秀；伍光建；王國維；馬君武 Chinese translation of Marxist works and English translation of Selected Works of Mao Zedong (1949—1966)。 Greek classics became scholars‘ focus again. After World War Ⅱ : Because of the establishment of EEC (European Economic Community), translation has been greatly needed and developed. A Brief History of Translation in China: 5 periods The translation of the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures: 4 stages Beginning: from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty a. Buddhism’s influence Through the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, the working people, who suffered from wars and the tyranny of the ruling class, were cheated to pin their hopes on religion. According to the doctrine they could go to the heaven with their tolerance of troubles and sufferings in this earthly life b. Translators 三支：支婁迦讖、支亮、支謙 （“天下博知，不出三支”） c. Views on translation: 支謙《法句經(jīng)序》 and 文、質(zhì)之爭 It is the origin of the dispute over the method of literal translation and that of free translation. Zhi Qian (文派 ) appreciated free translation, knowing that ―名物不同，傳實(shí)不易。 ‖ (4) 呂俊：《跨越文化障礙：巴比塔的重建》；湖北教育出版社：巴別塔文叢（ 12 volumes） Read the following brief introduction to the history of translation and pick up your favorite points. English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 4 The oldest translation founded: The Greek translation of the Old Testament made by 72 Jewish scholars from Alexandria (Tan Zaixi, 2020: 16) The Septuagint《七十人譯舊約》（ 285—249BC） In China 《冊府元龜 Seas and earth。English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 1 Introduction to Translation Course I. Differences between Translation Exercise and Translation Course Translation Exercise Translation Course Concept a. an ability of language, or a teaching device (listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating) b. a means to learn a FL An independent course to study translation closely related to linguistics, semantics, stylistics, contrastive linguistics, etc. Origin An old method originating from the Grammar Translation Method (Aristotle‘s view of language: the clothing of thought) A new course appearing with the development of FL teaching and research, cultural studies, parative literature Aim To help students to acquire/enrich the knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, patterns and expressions of the TL a. to introduce some basic theories and concepts, methods。 Luminaries (sun and moon)。外臣部 ‖ But his English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 5 criticism of 竺將炎 that ―其辭不雅 ‖ was disagreed by those who advocated literal translation (質(zhì)派 ) quoting ―美言不信，信言不美；書不盡言，言不盡意；佛言，依其義不用飾，取其義不以嚴(yán)（妝飾）。 literary translation（ 1919— 1966） [A] Translators of literary translation (19191949) English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 9 魯迅： Rather to be faithful (in though) than smooth (in language) [B] Translation of Marxist and Mo Zedong‘s works Translation of Manifesto of the Communist Party (陳望道 ) Translation of Mo Zedong‘s works（中國翻譯詞典： 4746） [C] Translators of literary translation (1949— 1966) 卞之琳；曹未風(fēng)；王佐良；袁可嘉；董秋斯； 張友松；周煦良；查良錚；蕭乾； 屠岸；萬紫；雨寧；曹庸；李良民；楊必；傅東華；張谷若；黃雨石；施閑榮 Translation of Western academic works a