【正文】 位，必須有資金文件，確保項(xiàng)目得到批準(zhǔn)后能按期實(shí)施。 三、設(shè)計(jì)階段工程造價(jià)控制的重要性 在項(xiàng)目作出投資決策后，控制工程造價(jià)的關(guān)鍵就在于設(shè)計(jì)。因?yàn)閷?duì)于一般建設(shè)工程，材料和設(shè)備選用占工程成本 50%以上，而在設(shè)計(jì)階段建筑 形式、結(jié)構(gòu)類別、設(shè)備和材料的選用已經(jīng)確定，在建設(shè)后期實(shí)施階段，對(duì)工程造價(jià)的影響很?。?10%以下）。 一切發(fā)生費(fèi)用 的地方都可應(yīng)用價(jià)值工程，工程建設(shè)需大量投入人、財(cái)、物 ，因而價(jià)值工程在工程建設(shè)方面大有可為。 (1) 提倡設(shè)計(jì)招投標(biāo)和設(shè)計(jì)方案競(jìng)選方式優(yōu)選設(shè)計(jì)單位 由專 家評(píng)定小組采用科學(xué)方法，按照適用、經(jīng)濟(jì)、美觀的原則以及技術(shù)先進(jìn)、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、滿足建筑節(jié)能和環(huán)境等要求，綜合評(píng)定設(shè)計(jì)方案的優(yōu)劣，擇優(yōu)確定中選方案。 (2) 積極推行限額設(shè)計(jì) 所謂限額設(shè)計(jì)，就 是按照批準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書和投資估算，在保證功能要求的前提下。 (3) 實(shí)行設(shè)計(jì)的獎(jiǎng)罰制度 為使限額設(shè)計(jì)落實(shí)到實(shí)處，應(yīng)建立和健全限額設(shè)計(jì)的獎(jiǎng)罰 制度。做到獎(jiǎng)罰分明，激勵(lì)設(shè)計(jì)人員深挖設(shè)計(jì)潛力，重視設(shè)計(jì)方案的經(jīng)濟(jì)合理對(duì)控制工程造價(jià)將是一個(gè)大的突破。在這一階段節(jié)約的余地已經(jīng)很小，但浪費(fèi)的可能性卻很大，因而要對(duì)工程造價(jià)的控制給予足夠的重視。 (3) 對(duì)工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證手續(xù)嚴(yán)格把關(guān) 通過建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理制度，建立專門部門，利用專業(yè)人員對(duì)工程實(shí)行專業(yè)化管理，避免出現(xiàn)工程管理人員只管簽證，不算經(jīng)濟(jì)帳的現(xiàn)象，造成投資失控的嚴(yán)重后果。因此，竣工結(jié)算的審核是一項(xiàng)非常重要的工作，應(yīng)著重做好以下 ： ① 審核工程量的準(zhǔn)確性。 ③ 審查各項(xiàng)取費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否符合費(fèi)用定額和施工期間有關(guān)工程造價(jià)政策規(guī)定 五、工程造價(jià)管理體制改革的思考與展望 長(zhǎng)期以來，我們普遍忽視工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目前期工作階段的造價(jià)控制，而往往把控制工程造價(jià)的主要精力放在施工階段 審核施工圖預(yù)算，合理結(jié)算建安工程價(jià)款，算細(xì)帳，這樣做盡管也有用，但畢竟是 亡羊補(bǔ)牢 ，事倍功半 。 The significance of control construction costs manages on entire process First, The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire process Talk about the management and the control on construction costs, that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account. Indeed , right away at present system and reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account. Be that in advance, the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working drawing to calculate project amounts， apply a quota mechanically, the meter mechanically fetching cost, or designing that according to the drawing sheet and construction organization after construction is over as well as the scene construction visa takes notes weaves the final account being pleted. This is necessary , useful no doubt. But we must see that when prefinal accounts personnel weave working drawing budget or the final account being pleted, the construction plan and the design paper already determined. But construction being to take according to picture as principle, so then in advance, job done by final account personnel is only the change secretly scheming against cost produced by design alteration and prevents upvaluation from calculating boldly. But suppose the project is unreasonable on economy, there is a fault in decisionmaking。s establishment. Mass and depth that engineering design pursues etc. is also insufficient , amounts project mistakes in amounts project detailed lists calculates , misses and not calculating, can39。 Project mass beneficial to ensuring that, reduces construction costs。 Receive a track step by step with the convention controlling amounts , guiding price , peting for a fee39。s signature and being related to if the design alteration advice note must be made known to lower levels by plain design organ. Scene inspection and control visa must label seal and the ratification going on a punitive expedition to such that designing a personnel etc. having construction site person in charge of first party. Great majority our country construction projects are pleted in the project being under construction when the final account, during the period of the final account being pleted contracting method , are are under construction contracting method calculating monly much in the book being pleted winding up an account , are issue contract of haggie just inexhaustible in devices and schemes , are dispute over trifles phenomenon is grave , project settlement drags repeatedly , some confirmation having drug once and , greatly, affecting engineering construction project sigmatism and building construction costs. A construction project includes the following procedure from brewing , planning , designing that to establishing pletion and missioning: Be that the project letter of advice stage , feasibility appraise the stage , design stage , the stage being under construction , acceptance check stage and the queen being pleted estimate that. Correspondingly, the construction costs ascertaining that and the project construction phase job look at and appraise the stage adapting to , several being allotted in general for the following: The investment studying stage establishment in the project letter of advice and feasibility is estimated, design stage establishment designs a rough estimate in the first step, budget designing that the stage weaves working drawing in working drawing, budget builds ampere of construction costs face to face with working drawing for basis tender project engineering contract, price is also that the form ascertains that with the business contract。 c, building location (site) selection。s economic size, economies of scale, product standard is a reasonable means of production volume, a number of products under certain conditions, was increasing returns of economic phenomena, that is, with the expansion of production volume, unit cost reduction, revenue increase. Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decisionmaking control over project cost effective, we must do a good job in the following areas: (1) the implementation of construction project legal person responsibility system, the construction project from planning to implementation of the whole process of the use of funds and repayment responsibilities to people and projects at the same time establish a system of matching corporate oversight mechanisms, by the petent authorities and supervision of the industry sector establishment of a monitoring group to oversee the use of project funds. (2) to conduct market analysis and seeking truth from facts, to avoid the blindness of the project decisionmaking, reduce risk and lower investment, give full consideration to construction projects in the future petitiveness of the market so that more scientific book design and reliability (3) Capi