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【正文】 代末的匯率使得美國(guó)公司更有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的 斗爭(zhēng)中進(jìn)展不順利。 ●設(shè)計(jì)與制造中的創(chuàng)造力。D)investments and the for this reason,many small biotechnology startups are bought out by the deeppocket pharmaceutical panies.) . The initial timetomarket of a new product and the ongoing delivery time of an established product are ongoing themes of this integration issues that will be discussed around design,planing,and fabrication are obvious areas to focus on particular,new hardware and doftware environments allow the connections between design,planning,and fabrication to be simplified. Particular benefits include the reduction of the time taken to obtain the first prototype of a designed object,w hether it is a chip or a puter casing. New techniques and standards for distributed software systems also provide a more informationrich dialogue between the design function and the manufacturing ability to rapidly obtain an initial prototype allows designers to assess the aesthetic aspects of a design. It also allows a preliminary analysis of how a single object in a subassembly will interact with mating pos,and finally allows some preliminary decisions to be made on the future manufacturing methods for the bene fits of obtaining an initial physical prototype are seen to embrace both the ponent itself and the way in w hich the ponent will be ability to evaluate both the probuct and the process by w hich it will be made is an essential concept in concurrent or simultaneous engineering. Although there will be many new trends and unexpected disturbances, one basic business goal will remain constant:the winners will be those w ho desogn,plan and manufacture a highquality product at the right price and get it to market address this need,Chapter 2 has considered some general principles of manufacturing analysis in the context of four parameters。Iwata et al.,1990。s manufacturing toolsspecifically manufacturing systemsare still too dedicated to specific machine tools, robots,and manuvacturing systemsare still too dedicated yo specific market sectors and are not flexible enough. This general need for flexibl,reconfigurable manufacturing systems was of course a key aspect of CIMi its original (1980)led a number of industy forecasts between 1969and 1971 that refined the details and needs of the CIM ,theseforecasts overestimated the rate at w hich flexible manufacturing systems ang related technology would be asorbed into the 1970s and 1980s,machines exchanged”handshakes”w hen tasks were these tasks were pletes properly and on tim,then a flexible manufacturing system(FMS)continued to operate ,if the machines went seriously out of bounds,then the municaations broke dow n and too frequent human intervention wasneeded to make the FMS era,the experiences of several research and development groups showed that the inadequacy of cell munication software was probably the key impediment to the industrial acceptance of CIM(Harrington,1973。and the annual J. report series).Emphasis is thus place on these bined factors of quality,cost,delivery,and flexibility(QCDF).The ability to react to smaller lot sizes and the quest for ultrarapid delivery are major conconcerns,culminating in the possbility of a threeday car(Iwata et al.,1990_. In an ideal situation,once the various market sectors have been established,production will settle into a groove and be constantly refined and improved but with no major ,in recent years,manufacturers have not been able to rely on long periods of uninterrupted production because events in the world economy have forced rapid changes in consumer demand and the range of consumer preferences. Henry Fords favorite aphorismthat his cutomers could
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