【正文】 要被小心的控制。我們不能把附加日光間在冬季為房間提供熱量和在夏季阻止房間被過(guò)分加熱的能力分割來(lái)看。 結(jié)果，這三種主要的日光設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)雖然十分有效，但他們并不像他們沒(méi)有被廣泛應(yīng)用。熱反射窗簾應(yīng)放置在玻璃窗和儲(chǔ)熱墻之間以防止夏季室內(nèi)溫度過(guò)高。 ●在儲(chǔ)熱墻外側(cè)的玻璃窗在某種程度上扮演了阻止熱量流失的角色，并可以通過(guò)產(chǎn)生類似溫室效應(yīng)的方法保存獲得的熱量。 ●高比熱的部件被放置在太陽(yáng)光和內(nèi)部空間之間，通過(guò)這面墻熱量被緩慢的吸收，并且在以后的時(shí)間里緩慢對(duì)建筑內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生影響。 間接獲得陽(yáng)光 通過(guò)這種設(shè)計(jì)方法，一個(gè)吸熱元件被嵌入到入射的太陽(yáng)輻射和需要加熱的部位之間。 直接獲得的方式即使是通過(guò)房間內(nèi)的窗戶和附加日光間也是可以的，在高處的天窗設(shè)計(jì)上也可以發(fā)生日光的直接獲得。 ●在夏天，為了降低房間過(guò)熱的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)可以采用較深的屋檐來(lái)提供陰影。 ●厚地毯應(yīng)避免放置在主要陽(yáng)光照射的地方或者被用作儲(chǔ)存熱量的樓板層上。 ●得益于較高的比熱，在日常熱量吸收和釋放循環(huán)中，只需要最上面那 100毫米厚的樓板就足夠儲(chǔ)存熱量。 ●西向的窗戶將會(huì)提高房間過(guò)熱的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。太陽(yáng)輻射可以直接進(jìn)入有關(guān)的房間，時(shí)隔 30年之久的兩個(gè)例子是 1967年作者在設(shè)菲爾德的住宅，和 1998年由羅伯特和布倫達(dá)?瓦勒在霍克頓進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目。溫室效應(yīng)在建筑上的應(yīng)用是模仿全有氣候變暖的過(guò)程，在建筑上，偶爾的太 陽(yáng)輻射是通過(guò)建筑主立面的窗戶透射進(jìn)來(lái)的，房屋內(nèi)表面吸收以后使得房間的溫度得到提高。 大樹(shù)很明顯會(huì)遮擋陽(yáng)光。比如說(shuō)，如果要在北緯 50176。 IES的“陽(yáng)光投影”程序可以用電腦模擬從任何一個(gè)角度投射的太陽(yáng)光和影。在相同的圖志上，一系列的太陽(yáng)光路徑被繪制（通常情況下是每個(gè)月的第 21天）；并且同樣也會(huì)把那天的時(shí)間標(biāo)識(shí)上。最基本的答復(fù)就是像“積極地日光設(shè)計(jì)”一樣。 這一系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于： ●設(shè)計(jì)的靈活性：幾乎所有的形狀都是可以的。因?yàn)樗麄兛梢员豢焖傺b配，并填充上加氣水泥。伴隨新建筑材料在強(qiáng)度和耐久能力上的良好保證，即使施工速度很快，還是很有賣(mài)點(diǎn)的?？蚣芙ㄖ臀蓓斠粯有枰莱睂印? 框架建筑 大量住宅的建筑者開(kāi)始熱衷于采用有磚石外墻的木構(gòu)架建筑，這使得他們他們看起來(lái)和砌體建筑一樣。 ●他是一個(gè)使用壽命長(zhǎng)，并且通常情況下不會(huì)產(chǎn)生 毀滅性災(zāi)難的建筑形式，盡管他還不是很完善。失敗最終被承認(rèn)，通過(guò) BRE的大量研究我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，填滿建筑的洞口并不會(huì)提高潮氣穿透建筑的奉獻(xiàn)，事實(shí)上，通過(guò)洞口的潮氣反而減少了。 在英國(guó)，一直就有用石頭建設(shè)住宅的出傳統(tǒng)，并且從十九世紀(jì)二十年代早期開(kāi)始，這一習(xí)慣得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。事實(shí)上，升級(jí)建筑，特別是那些較老較舊的房子，將會(huì)營(yíng)造一個(gè)連鎖的良性循環(huán)。it also takes place through upper level windows of clerestory each of these cases some consideration is required concerning the nature and position of the absorbing surfaces. In the UK climate and latitude as a general rule of thumb room depth should not be more than two and a half times the window head height and the glazing area should be between about 25 and 35 per cent of the floor area. Indirect gain In this form of design a heat absorbing element is inserted between the incident solar radiation and the space to be heated。 ● potential for overshadowing from obstructions outside the site boundary. One of the methods by which solar access can be evaluated is the use of some form of sun often used is the stereographic sun chart in which a series of radiating lines and concentric circles allow the position of nearby obstructions to insolation,such as other buildings,to be the same chart a series of sun path trajectories are also drawn(usually one arc for the 21st day of each month)。 almost any plan shape is possible. ● Ease and speed of erection。 maintenance demands rise considerably if it receives a rendered finish. ● From the energy efficiency point of view,masonry homes have a relatively high thermal mass which is considerably improved if there are high density masonry internal walls and concrete floors. Framed construction Volume house builders are increasingly resorting to timberframed construction with a brick outer skin,making them appear identical to full masonry attraction is the speed of erection especially when elements are fabricated off site. However,there is an unfortunate history behind this system due to shortings in quality can apply to timber which has not been adequately cured or buildings need to have a vapour barrier to walls as well as roofs. With timber framing it is difficult to avoid piercing the can also be problems achieving internal the purist,the ultimate criticism is that it is illogical to have a framed building clad in masonry when it cries out for a panel,boarded,slate or tile hung external finish. Pressed steel frames for homes are now being vigorously promoted by the steel selling point is again speed of erection but with the added benefit of a guaranteed quality in terms of strength and durability of the material. From the energy point of view,framed buildings can acmodate high levels of insulation but have relatively poor thermal mass unless this is provided by floors and internal walls. Innovative techniques Permanent Insulation Formwork Systems (PIFS) are beginning to make an appearance in principle behind PIFS is the use of precision moulded interlocking hollow blocks made from an insulation material,usually expanded can be rapidly assembled on site and then filled with pump grade the concrete has set the result is a highly insulated wall ready for the installation of services and internal and exterior can achieve a Uvalue as low as W/ three storeys the addition of steel reinforcement is necessary. The advantages of this system are: ● Design flexibility。 ● existing obstructions on the site。 ● attached sunspace or conservatory. Each of the three categories relies in a different way on the‘greenhouse effec