【正文】 shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation In fact, the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as “showtime”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don39。這并不意味著美學(xué)取向不復(fù)存在了,但是這確實(shí)意味著與英雄主義行為相比,它們常常退居其后。不過,有些運(yùn)動(dòng)員意識到了與英雄主義取向隨之而來的危險(xiǎn),并試圖在他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)中放慢偏離美學(xué)取向的步伐。這些運(yùn)動(dòng)員用體育道德規(guī)范去評價(jià)自己和他人,他們還學(xué)會(huì)把英雄主義行為看成是真正地投入及為運(yùn)動(dòng)獻(xiàn)身的標(biāo)志。這些環(huán)境越來越受控于下列人員:總經(jīng)理、運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)老板、企業(yè)贊助商、廣告商、傳媒人員、營銷和宜傳推廣人員、專業(yè)管理人員、會(huì)計(jì)師以及經(jīng)紀(jì)人。因此,許多商業(yè)體育中的運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被逐出了決策過程,即便這些決策影響到他們的健康和幸福。s 39。我的思想倒沒跑掉 — 到目前為止我還能這么說,但它正在改變。我還會(huì)花數(shù)小時(shí)徜徉在長篇散文中。我感覺我似乎要硬 拖著我任性的大腦才能回到文章中。ve been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Web has been a godsend to me as a that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I39。s infothickets2reading and writing s, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link.(Unlike footnotes, to which they39。十多年來,我在網(wǎng)上花了好多時(shí)間,在因特網(wǎng)的信息汪洋中沖浪、搜尋、添加。即使在工作之余,我也很有可能在信息豐富的網(wǎng)絡(luò)里遨游 — 收發(fā)電子郵件、瀏覽頭條新聞、點(diǎn)擊博客、看視頻、聽播客或者只是從一個(gè)鏈接跳轉(zhuǎn)到一個(gè)又一個(gè)鏈接。ve been widely described and duly applauded.“The perfect recall of silicon memory,” Wired39?！钡沁@個(gè)實(shí)惠是要付出代價(jià)的。現(xiàn)如今,我的腦袋就盼著以網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供信息的方式來獲取信息 :飛快 的微粒運(yùn)動(dòng)。m just seeking convenience, but because the way I think has changed?” 4我并不是唯一一個(gè)有此感覺的人。斯科特 ? 卡普開了一個(gè)有關(guān)在線媒體的博客,最近他承認(rèn)自己已經(jīng)完全不讀書了。ve lost the ability to do a blog post of more than three or four paragraph is too much to skim it.” 5布魯斯 ? 弗里德曼經(jīng)常撰寫有關(guān)電腦在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的文章?！拔以僖沧x不了《戰(zhàn)爭與和平》了?！?alone don39。d save a long article, but there39。該研究指 出,我們可能已經(jīng)徹底置身于閱讀與思考方式的巨變之中了。他們常常還沒讀完 一兩頁文章或書籍,就“彈”出來轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁去了。 “We are not only what we read,” says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, “We are how we read.” Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts “efficiency” and “immediacy” above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press, made long and plex works of prose we read online, she says, we tend to bee “mere decoders of information”.Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely , 更別說當(dāng)下時(shí)興的手機(jī)短信, 可供我們閱讀的東西很可能比上世紀(jì)七八十年代要 多了,那時(shí),我們選擇的媒體還是電視。深度閱讀能力的形 成應(yīng)歸功于早期印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明,有了它,長而復(fù)雜的散文作品也相當(dāng)普遍了。s not etched into our genes the way speech have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed ,閱讀并非人類與生俱來的技巧,它不像說話那樣融人了我們的基因。這種變化延伸到大腦的多個(gè)區(qū)域,包括那些支配諸如記憶、視覺 設(shè)釋和聽覺刺激這樣的關(guān)鍵認(rèn)知功能的部位。他只得被迫縮減他的寫作時(shí)間,并擔(dān)心自己今后恐怕不得不放棄寫作了。But the machine had a subtler effect on his of Nietzsche39。他 那已經(jīng)十分簡練的行文變得更緊湊、‘更電文式了。it will convince us of the truth of proposition, which might at first have appeared startling, that no man can be an archit。Unit7 the poetry of architecture 1 The science of Architecture, followed out to its full extent, is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human is not merely a science of the rule and pass, it does not consist only in the observation of just rule or of fair proportion。 in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.” 10然而,新機(jī)器也使其作品的風(fēng)格發(fā)生了微妙的變化。他終于熟能生巧,閉著眼睛只用手指尖也能打字 — 盲打。 in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had bee exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it typewriter rescued him, at least for a he had mastered touchtyping, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his could once again flow from his mind to the 1882年,弗里德里希 ? 尼采買了臺打字機(jī)。而媒體或其他我們用于學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)閱讀的技 術(shù)在塑造我們大腦的神經(jīng)電路中扮演著重要角色。我們對文句的設(shè)釋,心無旁鶩、深度閱讀時(shí)形成的豐富的精神聯(lián) 系,這些能力很大程度上已經(jīng)消失了?！安粌H閱讀的內(nèi)容塑造了我們, ”塔夫茨大學(xué)的發(fā)展心理學(xué)家、《普魯斯特與魷 魚 :閱讀思維的科學(xué)與故事》的作者瑪麗安娜 ? 沃爾夫說, “閱讀方式也體現(xiàn)了我們自身。 to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of textmessaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of it39。其中一個(gè)網(wǎng)站是英國圖書館的,另一個(gè)是英國教 育社團(tuán)的,他們提供了期刊論文、電子書以及其他一些文獻(xiàn)資源。我們?nèi)栽诘却L期的神經(jīng)學(xué)和心理學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn), 這將給因特網(wǎng)如何影響到我 們的認(rèn)識一個(gè)權(quán)威的定論。 documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a UK educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, ebooks, and other sources of written found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity”, hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they39。即便是一篇長達(dá)三四段的博客也難以消化。“稍長些的文章,不管是網(wǎng)上的還是已經(jīng)出版的,我現(xiàn)在幾乎已經(jīng)完全喪失了閱讀它們的能力?！暗降装l(fā)生了什么事呢 ? ”他推測出了一個(gè)答案 :“如果對我來說,通過網(wǎng) 絡(luò)來閱讀的真正理由與其說是我的閱讀方式發(fā)生了改變,比如,我只是圖個(gè)方便,不如說是我的思維方式在 發(fā)生變化,那么我該怎么辦呢 ? ” Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of puters in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits.“I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,” he wrote earlier this pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the Univers