【正文】 ure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the , over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human shortterm sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful :為人父母。s who you are going to be insteadand that turns out to be a pretty great life.” 18總之,情感上的回報(bào)可以彌補(bǔ)災(zāi)難帶來的痛苦和艱難。那么,當(dāng)體育變得商業(yè)化時(shí),它會(huì)怎樣?當(dāng)體育變得依賴于門票收人和媒體傳播權(quán)的出售時(shí),它會(huì)發(fā)生變化嗎? know that whenever any sport is converted into mercial entertainment, it success depends on spectator spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting event is usually related to a bination of three factors: the uncertainty of an event39。 has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic have been made within this framework, rather than pletely dismantling the design of a example, the mercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television 。they get taken in by the event itself they often focus on things they can easily enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger。他們喜歡看到運(yùn)動(dòng)員不惜代價(jià),立志求勝。 a sport es to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation In fact, the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as “showtime”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don39。不過,有些運(yùn)動(dòng)員意識(shí)到了與英雄主義取向隨之而來的危險(xiǎn),并試圖在他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)中放慢偏離美學(xué)取向的步伐。這些環(huán)境越來越受控于下列人員:總經(jīng)理、運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)老板、企業(yè)贊助商、廣告商、傳媒人員、營銷和宜傳推廣人員、專業(yè)管理人員、會(huì)計(jì)師以及經(jīng)紀(jì)人。s 39。我還會(huì)花數(shù)小時(shí)徜徉在長篇散文中。ve been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Web has been a godsend to me as a that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I39。十多年來,我在網(wǎng)上花了好多時(shí)間,在因特網(wǎng)的信息汪洋中沖浪、搜尋、添加。ve been widely described and duly applauded.“The perfect recall of silicon memory,” Wired39?，F(xiàn)如今,我的腦袋就盼著以網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供信息的方式來獲取信息 :飛快 的微粒運(yùn)動(dòng)。斯科特 ? 卡普開了一個(gè)有關(guān)在線媒體的博客,最近他承認(rèn)自己已經(jīng)完全不讀書了?！拔以僖沧x不了《戰(zhàn)爭與和平》了。d save a long article, but there39。他們常常還沒讀完 一兩頁文章或書籍,就“彈”出來轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁去了。深度閱讀能力的形 成應(yīng)歸功于早期印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明,有了它,長而復(fù)雜的散文作品也相當(dāng)普遍了。這種變化延伸到大腦的多個(gè)區(qū)域,包括那些支配諸如記憶、視覺 設(shè)釋和聽覺刺激這樣的關(guān)鍵認(rèn)知功能的部位。But the machine had a subtler effect on his of Nietzsche39。it will convince us of the truth of proposition, which might at first have appeared startling, that no man can be an archit。 in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.” 10然而,新機(jī)器也使其作品的風(fēng)格發(fā)生了微妙的變化。 in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had bee exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it typewriter rescued him, at least for a he had mastered touchtyping, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his could once again flow from his mind to the 1882年,弗里德里希 ? 尼采買了臺(tái)打字機(jī)。我們對(duì)文句的設(shè)釋,心無旁鶩、深度閱讀時(shí)形成的豐富的精神聯(lián) 系,這些能力很大程度上已經(jīng)消失了。 to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of textmessaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of it39。我們?nèi)栽诘却L期的神經(jīng)學(xué)和心理學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn), 這將給因特網(wǎng)如何影響到我 們的認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)權(quán)威的定論。即便是一篇長達(dá)三四段的博客也難以消化?！暗降装l(fā)生了什么事呢 ? ”他推測出了一個(gè)答案 :“如果對(duì)我來說,通過網(wǎng) 絡(luò)來閱讀的真正理由與其說是我的閱讀方式發(fā)生了改變,比如,我只是圖個(gè)方便,不如說是我的思維方式在 發(fā)生變化,那么我該怎么辦呢 ? ” Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of puters in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits.“I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,” he wrote earlier this pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his ment in a telephone conversation with thinking, he said, has taken on a “staccato” quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online.“I can39?！痬 not the only I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintancesliterary types, most of themmany say they39。能從這樣一個(gè)異常豐富的信息庫中直接獲取信息,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是很多的,而且也得到了廣泛的描述和適當(dāng)?shù)馁澴u(yù)。過去要在書堆里或圖書館的期刊閱覽室中花上好幾天 做的研究,現(xiàn)在幾分鐘就齊活。m not working, I39?，F(xiàn)在,我翻上兩三 頁書,注意力就開始不集中了。s rarely the case my concentration often starts to drift after two or three get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to feel as if I39。這意味著組織決策通常反映的是許多人的混合利益,而他們與體育或相關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)員沒有直接聯(lián)系。這些滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員擔(dān)心,他們的體育項(xiàng)目在商業(yè)上的成功正越來越依賴于動(dòng)作的危險(xiǎn)性,而不是動(dòng)作的美感。這一改變常常意味著重心從所謂的美學(xué)取向向英雄主義取向轉(zhuǎn)變。 exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully pete for years without going beyond ,當(dāng)人們?nèi)狈@球方面的技術(shù)知識(shí)時(shí),他們更津津樂道于某一個(gè)灌籃,而不會(huì)關(guān)注球隊(duì)取勝必需的因素:自始至終配合得天衣無縫的后防。and they like to see players mitted to victory no matter what the personal ,與運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的相比,商業(yè)化更多的是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者的取向。創(chuàng)新也是在這一框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行的,并不會(huì)完全廢除這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本設(shè)計(jì)。 were so high that athletes were totally mitted to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or “heroic” games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long ,每當(dāng)任何一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)被轉(zhuǎn)化為商業(yè)性娛樂活動(dòng)時(shí),它的成功就依賴于觀眾的興趣。金指出,我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經(jīng)歷這種覺悟。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊, 意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨