【正文】 華盛頓嗎？ 此句子中的If不能用whether替換。從高考的考查的實(shí)際情況來看，名詞性從句考得最多的是賓語從句，其次是主語從句，再次是表語從句，而同位語從句則很少考查。 whether 也不充當(dāng)句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，可換成 if，但引導(dǎo)其他名詞性從句時(shí)不能換成 if。如：That’s why she wanted to 。 when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意義，在從句中作狀語。三、名詞性從句的重要引導(dǎo)詞 用于引導(dǎo)名詞性從句是一個(gè)十分重要的引導(dǎo)詞，它可引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句，但不用于引導(dǎo)同位語從句。 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)可用作限定詞，其后修飾名詞。如： What friends she has are out of the 。I’ll do whatever I can to help 。如：Whatever happens, you must be ，你都必須鎮(zhèn)靜。 與 because 的用法區(qū)別。I didn’t ’s because I had a ，那是因?yàn)槲腋忻傲?。如?She said that she didn39。當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)名詞性從句且表示將來意義時(shí)，要直接使用將來時(shí)態(tài)；但當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)狀語從句且表示將來意義時(shí)，則必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義。如：Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一個(gè)人是誰? We have two children, a boy and a ，一個(gè)男孩和一個(gè)女孩。二、特殊同位語歸納, us, you等后接同位語 Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎? They three joined the school 。Soon came the order to start the general 。(ironing shirts與a place同位)The first plan, attacking at night, was turned ，被拒絕了?！咀ⅰ窟@類同位語與定語比較接近，可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。They’ve neither of them succeeded in winning her 。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not 。I will just say whatever es into my 。Talk to me about whatever is troubling 。whoever的意思“任何?的人”，在意義上大致相當(dāng)于 anybody who。Whoever es will be ?！咀⒁狻?1)whoever既用作主格也用作賓語(作賓語時(shí)不宜用whomever，因?yàn)樵诂F(xiàn)代英語中whomever已幾乎不用)。Take whichever you 。Whichever of us gets home first starts ，哪個(gè)就先開始做飯。I’ll post that letter whatever Wilson ，這封信我都要發(fā)出去。Whichever side wins, I shall be ，我都會感到滿意。He saves what he ，積蓄多少。Who is it that has made Fred what he is now? 是誰把弗雷德培養(yǎng)成現(xiàn)在這個(gè)樣子的？ “??的數(shù)量或數(shù)目”：Our ine is now double what it was ten years ?！??的地方”：This is what they call Salt Lake 。He gave me what money he had about 。I spent what little time I had with 。It’s a pity(that)he didn’t finish ?！咀ⅰ咳羰且龑?dǎo)條件狀語從句，則只能用 if(意為“如果”)。② 引導(dǎo)主語從句且放在句首時(shí)：Whether he will e is still a 。④ 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)：Whether he agrees or not, I shall do ，我都要那樣做。⑦ 用于介詞之后時(shí)：It depends on whether the letter arrives in 。⑨ 在 discuss(討論)等少數(shù)動詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)：(from )We discussed whether we should hold a 。I got wet all ’s because I had neither a raincoat nor an ，因?yàn)槲壹葲]穿雨衣，也沒帶雨傘。如：I doubt if [whether] he’ll 。I’m not sure whether(if)he is 。請看幾題：(1)I don’t know if he ________ or not e ing 此題答案選C，句中if引導(dǎo)的不是條件狀語從句(if≠如果)，而是賓語從句(if＝是否)，句意為“我不知道明天他是否會來。The teacher told us that light travels faster than 。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not ?！咀⒁?】在某些名詞(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣。The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the 。如： He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo ，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機(jī)了。We are not investigating the question whether he is 。當(dāng)時(shí)我不知道賭場是什么樣的地方。You have no idea how worried I was!你不知道我多著急!二、關(guān)于分離同位語從句有時(shí)同位語從句可以和同位的名詞分開。Report has it that the Smiths are leaving 。(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will e，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句)We are glad at the news that he told 。同位語從句所修飾的名詞比較有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定語從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。(同位語從句)The reason why he didn’t e to the meeting is that he is ，原因是他生病了。My suggestion is that we should tell ?！咀⒁狻縲hether 可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。What I want to know is which road we should 。That’s why he didn’t 。That’s what we are here 。Now it was as though she had known Millie for 。If I’m a bit sleepy, it’s because I was upall ，是因?yàn)橐灰箾]睡。二、連詞that的省略問題引導(dǎo)表語從句的that通常不省略，但在口語或非正式文體中有時(shí)也可省略： My idea is(that)we should do it ri。s because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in 。It is because I love you too 。He is no longer what he 。That’s where you are 。That was when I was 。The problem is who we can get to replace 。My idea is that we should start making preparations right 。The fact is that he doesn’t really 。(同位語從句)I’ll never forget the days when I lived there..我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我住在那兒的日子。that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，它不充當(dāng)句子成分，而引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，它作為關(guān)系代詞，要么充當(dāng)定語從句的主語，要么充當(dāng)定語從句的賓語。The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the ，所有居民都必須撤出村子。The news got about that he had won a car in the 。It is a question how he did 。Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時(shí)候開始嗎? From 198590 I was an instructor at the regional party that I went back to work in a I had no idea what a casino 。Answer my question whether you are ：你來不來。I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main 。They expressed the wish that she accept the 。The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was 。We heard the news that our team had 。(3)“When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly weled.”, es , will e e, will e e, es 答案選 D，第一個(gè) when 引導(dǎo)的是主語從句，第二個(gè) when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。誤：Who will he marry remains ：Who he will marry remains 。Do you doubt that he will win? 你不相信他會贏嗎? 【注】在現(xiàn)代英語中，doubt用于肯定式時(shí)其后也可接that從句，不過此時(shí)的that仍表示whether的意思：I doubt that we’ll ever see George 。兩者的原則區(qū)別是：that 表示一種肯定、明確的概念，而 whether(if)則表示一種不肯定、不明確的概念?！咀ⅰ吭诂F(xiàn)代英語中，有時(shí)也用 because，但不如用 that 普通。⑧ 直接與 or not 連用時(shí)：I will write to you whether or not I can ，我將寫信告訴你。⑥ 用于不定式之前時(shí)：I’m not sure whether to stay or 。③ 引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)：The question is whether we should go on with the ?！咀ⅰ吭趥€(gè)別詞語(如 wonder, not sure 等)后的從句否定式有時(shí)也可用 whether 引導(dǎo)： I wonder if [whether] he isn’t 。 if的用法區(qū)別 兩者的用法異同注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)兩者均可引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示“是否”，?？苫Q：He asked if [whether] we wanted a 。What you say is quite 。注意區(qū)別：what+不可數(shù)名詞=所有的都，what little+不可數(shù)名詞=雖少但全部。二、用法說明(1)這樣用的what相當(dāng)于“先行詞+關(guān)系代詞”，所以其前不能有先行詞： 你喜歡什么就拿什么吧?！??的時(shí)間”：After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter ?！??的人或的樣子”：He is no longer what he 。Whichever you choose, they will be ，他們都會不高興。Whoever you are, you can’t pass this ，都不能從這里過去。如：Whatever happened I must be 。I’ll take whichever books you don’t 。Whichever的意思“?的那個(gè)人或事物”，在意義上大致相當(dāng)于 the person or the thing that。Whoever breaks this law deserves a 。She can marry whoever she 。She would tell him whatever news she 。I’m going to learn whatever my tutor 。whatever, whoever, whichever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句Whatever的意思是“所?的一切事或東西”，可視為what的強(qiáng)調(diào)說法，其含義大致相當(dāng)于anything that，whatever在從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語：Whatever he did was 。(from )正：The students