【正文】 e most important consequences that influences behaviour is reinforcement. ? Reinforcement is the process by which stimuli strengthen behaviours. ? A reinforcer is a stimulus that follows some behaviour and increases or maintains the probability of that behaviour. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 51 Organizational Errors Involving Reinforcement (continued) ? Managers often neglect important sources of reinforcement such as those administered by coworkers or intrinsic to the job. ? Two important sources of reinforcement that managers often ignore are performance feedback and social recognition. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 55 Reinforcement Strategies ? For fast acquisition of some response, continuous and immediate reinforcement should be used. ? Behaviour tends to be persistent when it is learned under conditions of partial and delayed reinforcement. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 59 Extinction ? The gradual dissipation of behaviour following the termination of reinforcement. ? If the behaviour is not reinforced, it will gradually dissipate or be extinguished. ? Extinction works best when coupled with the reinforcement of some desired substitute behaviour. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 63 Problems Using Punishment (continued) ? Punishment only temporarily suppresses the unwanted behaviour. ? Punishment can provoke a strong emotional reaction from the punished individual. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 67 Social Cognitive Theory (continued) ? Human behaviour can best be explained through a system of triadic reciprocal causation in which personal factors and environmental factors work together and interact to influence people’s behaviour. ? People’s behaviour also influences personal factors and the environment. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 71 SelfEfficacy ? Beliefs people have about their ability to successfully perform a specific task. ? It is a cognitive belief that can be changed and modified in response to different sources of information. ? Selfefficacy is influenced by four sources of information. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 75 SelfRegulation (continued) ? Selfregulation involves the following activities: – Collect selfobservation data – Observe models – Set goals – Rehearse – Reinforce oneself Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 79 Organizational Behaviour Modification (continued) ? The effects on task performance are stronger in manufacturing than in service anizations. ? Money, feedback, and social recognition have been used as effective forms of positive reinforcement. ? Money has stronger effects, however, the use of all three together has the strongest effect on task performance. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 83 Employee Recognition Programs (continued) ? Employee recognition programs have been found to be related to higher job satisfaction and performance, and lower absenteeism and turnover. ? An increasing number of anizations have begun to implement peer recognition programs. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 87 Behaviour Modelling Training (BMT) (continued) ? BMT involves the following steps: – Provide feedback and social reinforcement to trainees following practice – Take steps to maximize the transfer of those behaviours to the job Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 91 Career Management ? Involves taking the necessary steps that are required to achieve one’s goals and plans. ? This often involves special assignments that are designed to assist employees in their career development. Copyright 169。 :57:4211:57Mar235Mar23 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 2023年 3月 上午 11時(shí) 57分 :57March 5, 2023 1行動(dòng)出成果，工作出財(cái)富。 11:57:4211:57:4211:573/5/2023 11:57:42 AM 1成功就是日復(fù)一日那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小努力的積累。 2023年 3月 5日星期日 上午 11時(shí) 57分 42秒 11:57: 1楚塞三湘接，荊門九派通。 , March 5, 2023 閱讀一切好書如同和過去最杰出的人談話。 2023年 3月 5日星期日 11時(shí) 57分 42秒 11:57:425 March 2023 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來秋。 11:57:4211:57:4211:57Sunday, March 5, 2023 1不知香積寺，數(shù)里入云峰。 上午 11時(shí) 57分 42秒 上午 11時(shí) 57分 11:57: 沒有失敗，只有暫時(shí)停止成功！。 :57:4211:57:42March 5, 2023 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國見青山。 , March 5, 2023 雨中黃葉樹，燈下白頭人。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 89 Career Development ? An ongoing process in which individuals progress through a series of stages that consist of a unique set of issues, themes, and tasks. ? It involves a career planning and a career management ponent. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 85 Training Programs (continued) ? One of the most widely used and effective methods of training is behaviour modelling training (BMT) which is based on social cognitive theory. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 81 Types of Recognition Programs Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 77 Organizational Learning Practices ? Organizational learning practices include: – Organizational behaviour modification – Employee recognition programs – Training programs – Career development Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 73 SelfEfficacy (continued) ? Selfefficacy influences the activities people choose to perform, the amount of effort and persistence devoted to a task, affective and stress reactions, and job performance. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 2/ Slide 69 Observational Learning ? The process of imitating the behaviour of others: – Examining the behaviour of others – Seeing the consequences they experience – Thinking about what might happen if we act the same way – Imitating the behaviour if we expec