【正文】 t S u p p l y c h a i n p a r tn e r s L e n g th y p r o d u c t d e v e l o p m e n t S h o r te r l i fe c y c l e s , r a p i d i n te r n a ti o n a l c o m m u n i c a ti o n , c o m p u te r a i d e d d e s i g n , a n d i n te r n a ti o n a l c o l l a b o r a ti o n R a p i d p r o d u c t d e v e l o p m e n t, a l l i a n c e s , c o l l a b o r a ti v e d e s i g n s 177 Changing Challenges for the Operations Manager P a s t C a u s e s F u tu re S ta n d a rd iz e d p ro d u c ts A ff lu e n c e a n d w o rl d w id e m a rk e ts 。 2023/3/32023/3/32023/3/3Mar233Mar23 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 2023年 3月 2023/3/32023/3/32023/3/33/3/2023 1行動出成果，工作出財富。 2023/3/32023/3/32023/3/33/3/2023 10:08:47 PM 1成功就是日復(fù)一日那一點點小小努力的積累。 2023年 3月 3日星期五 2023/3/32023/3/32023/3/3 1楚塞三湘接，荊門九派通。 2023/3/32023/3/3Friday, March 3, 2023 閱讀一切好書如同和過去最杰出的人談話。勝人者有力，自勝者強。 2023/3/32023/3/3March 3, 2023 1一個人即使已登上頂峰，也仍要自強不息。 2023年 3月 3日星期五 2023/3/32023/3/32023/3/3 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過于提升自我。 2023/3/32023/3/32023/3/3Mar233Mar23 1越是無能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯兒。 2023/3/32023/3/3March 3, 2023 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來秋。 2023/3/32023/3/32023/3/3Friday, March 3, 2023 1不知香積寺，數(shù)里入云峰。 2023/3/32023/3/32023/3/32023/3/3 沒有失敗，只有暫時停止成功！。 2023/3/32023/3/32023/3/32023/3/33/3/2023 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國見青山。 2023/3/32023/3/3Friday, March 3, 2023 雨中黃葉樹，燈下白頭人。, Motel 6, Hilton Hotels, Walt Disney Paramount Pictures Public Administration ., State of Alabama, Cook County 166 Organizations in Each Sector Manufacturing Sector Example % of all Jobs General General Electric, Ford, . Steel, Intel Construction Bechtel, McDermott Agriculture King Ranch Mining Homestake Mining 167 Organizations in Each Sector Summary Sector % of all Jobs Service % Manufacturing % 168 1850 75 1900 25 50 75 2023 40 50 60 70 1970 75 80 85 90 95 2023 Percent United States Canada France Italy Britain Japan W Germany 1970 2023 Services Industry Farming 250 200 150 100 50 0 80 %70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 . Employment, % Share Services as a Percent of GDP . Exports of Services In Billions of Dollars Year 2023 data is estimated Development of the Service Economy 169 Characteristics of Goods ? Tangible product ? Consistent product definition ? Production usually separate from consumption ? Can be inventoried ? Low customer interaction 169。 died 1947 ? In 1903, created Ford Motor Company ? In 1913, first used moving assembly line to make Model T ? Unfinished product moved by conveyor past work station ? Paid workers very well for 1911 ($5/day!) ? Model T produced in1908 with 514 min. $850 each by hand to min. $290 each in 1926 by moving assembly line . Henry Ford ‘ Make them all alike!? 169。 died 1915 ? Known as ?father of scientific management? ? In 1881, as chief engineer for Midvale Steel, studied how tasks were done ? Began first motion time studies ? Created efficiency principles 169。 19841994 T/Maker Co. Example 2 125 Organizational Charts Airline Operations Ground support equipment Maintenance Ground Operations Facility maintenance Catering Flight Operations Crew scheduling Flying Communications Dispatching Management science Finance Accounting Accounting Payables Receivables General Ledger Finance Cash control International exchange rates Marketing Traffic administration Reservations Schedules Tariffs (pricing) Sales Advertising 126 Functions Manufacturer Operations Finance/ Accounting Marketing Production Control Manufacturing Quality Control Purchasing Manufacturing Example 3 127 Organizational Charts Manufacturing Operations Facilities: Construction:maintenance Production inventory control Scheduling: materials control Supplychain management Manufacturing Tooling, fabrication,assembly Design Product development and design Detailed product specifications Industrial engineering Efficient use of machines, space, and personnel Process analysis Development and installation of production tools and equipment Finance Accounting Disbursements/credits Receivables Payables General ledger Funds Management Money market International exchange Capital requirements Stock issue Bond issues and recall Marketing Sales promotions Advertising Sales Market research 128 Identifying Critical Success Factors Decisions Sample Option Product Customized, or standardized Quality Define customer expectations and how to achieve them Process Facility size, technology, capacity Location Near supplier or customer Layout Work cells or assembly line Human resource Specialized or enriched jobs Supply chain Single or multiple source suppliers Inventory When to reorder, how much to keep on hand Schedule Stable or fluctuating productions rate Maintenance Repair as required or preventive maintenance Marketing Service Distribution Promotion Channels of distribution Product positioning (image, functions) Finance/Accounting Leverage Cost of capital Working capital Receivables Payables Financial control Lines of credit Production/Operations 129 “The manufacturing business of tomorrow will not be run by financial executives, marketers, or lawyers inexperienced in manufacturing, as so many . panies are today.” P