第四章--國會(文件)
【正文】 Influence of special interests ? Weakening of mittees ? Failure to think longterm ? Decline in oversight ? Scheduling practices ? Appropriations process ? Restrictive rules ? Senate confirmation of appointments ? Ceding too much power to the President: 。 and . in the Senate, . . 160. 第五節(jié) 國會的議事程序 ? Types of Legislation ? Simple Resolutions. Simple resolutions do not bee law. They speak on behalf of one chamber only. They need only pass in that one chamber. A simple House resolution might be used to create a new House mittee. A simple Senate resolution might be introduced to express the opinion, or the sense of the Senate on a matter. Simple resolutions in each chamber are offered to amend that body’s standing rules. Simple resolutions are numbered . in the House, . . 249。s Senators for scheduled floor votes and quorum calls, and substituting for the Majority or Minority Leader as needed on the Senate floor. The full extent of their duties depends on their relationship with their party39。s chief liaison in the Senate. He stays in continuous contact with his party39。s policy priorities and seeks to insert them into the Senate39。s leaders how Republican Members intend to vote on uping bills. He has a team of Members who act as his assistants, gathering intelligence on Members39。 第四節(jié) 國會的結(jié)構(gòu)和組織 ? 一、立法機構(gòu)內(nèi)部的制約與平衡 ? 參議院：平等體現(xiàn)各州利益，抑制過度民主行為 ? 眾議院：以人數(shù)為依據(jù)，體現(xiàn)多數(shù)人意志 ? 一院制與兩院制的比較 ? （ 1） 一院制：效率高、耗資少，有利于提高立法機構(gòu)質(zhì)量 ? （ 2）兩院制：體現(xiàn)聯(lián)邦主義、可以分工處理更多的事務(wù)、相互制約 第四節(jié) 國會的結(jié)構(gòu)和組織 ? 二、國會的組織 ? 奇數(shù)年的 1月召開全體大會，建立本屆國會的組織，修改或重新制訂規(guī)則 ? 選拔領(lǐng)袖 ? 工作兩年 眾議院議長 Speaker of the House (Dennis Hastert, RIL) ? The Speaker is both the presiding officer of the House of Representatives and the leader of the majority party. He is also second to the VicePresident in the line of succession to the Presidency. The Speaker plans and implements the legislative agenda of the House, has administrative control over much of the operations of the House, and controls appointments to special mittees and delegations. He also refers legislation to mittees, may place deadlines on mittee action, and chairs the mittee which appoints majority party members to their mittee assignments. 眾議院多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖 House Majority Leader (Tom DeLay, RTX) ? The Majority Leader acts as deputy to the Speaker. He schedules legislation for the floor, taking into account factors of political timing as well as policy importance. He acts as a spokesman for the party position during floor debate, plans legislative and political strategy for his party, mediates political disputes among majority party Members, and negotiates agreements with the minority, all under the direction of the Speaker. 眾議院少數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖 House Minority Leader (Nancy Pelosi, DCA) ? The Minority Leader is her party39。 ? 〔 七 〕 除根據(jù)法律規(guī)定的撥款外，不得從國庫提取款項。 ? 〔 三 〕 不得通過公民權(quán)利剝奪法案或追溯既往的法律。s death. The First Federal Congress, 1789 ? Allyn Cox (18961982), Oil on Canvas 19731974 ? (from left to right) (1)James Madison (standing) (2)speaker Frederick Muhlenberg (seated) (3)Elbridge Gerry (standing, foreground) (4) Fisher Ames (standing, rear) 第一屆國會 1789
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