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外文翻譯上海一個可持續(xù)發(fā)展的商業(yè)建筑的生命周期評估(文件)

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【正文】 sustainability assessment toolkits beingimplemented in different countries. The BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) system is an integrated sustainability assessment tool used in the UK. This tool covers waste, water and energy, as well as transport, pollution, munity engagement, the health and wellbeing of building occupants, the choice of material, enhancing biodiversity and building management. The BREEAM series can assess several types of buildings’ design, including BREEAM Courts, Healthcare, Industrial, International, Multiresidential, Prison, Offices, Retail, Education, Communities and Bespoke. The other sustainability assessment tool for buildings is The Code for Sustainable Homes [3] to be used in residential building designs in the UK covers the following areas:1. Energy efficiency/CO2.2. Water efficiency.3. Surface water management.4. Site waste management.5. Household waste management.6. Use of materials.7. Lifetime homes (applies to Code Level 6 only).Another well known sustainability assessment tool is Leadership in Energy amp。 renewable heatand power.2. Transportdmore fuel efficient vehicles。 modal shifts from roadtransport to rail and public transport systems。 improved cook stoves, improved insulation。 material recycling and substitution。 improved nitrogen fertilizer application techniques to reduce N2O emissions。 forest management。 waste incineration with energy recovery posting of organic waste controlled waste water treatment。 therefore their contribution to the total weight is independent [19]. The paired parison method [20] and the fuzzy ordering method [21] are usually suitable for plex ranking order problems. It is more suitable for decision making problems when the alternatives are quite petitive and interdependent to each other. The AHP method [22] has been applied in previous researches which are more suitable when the number of criteria and alternatives are massive and may be interdependent. For example, it has been used in building investment [23], final contractor selection [22], and dispute resolution strategy selection [24]. It is a good way to structure and break down a plex decision making process. Fuzzy logic has been applied in multicriteria decision making problems [25–28], group decisionmaking [29]。 however not all of them can be implemented in practice. In the current industrial environment, the application of sustainable design solutions in a project is limited by the affordability and risks the investors willing to take in practice. The opinions of the practitioners are crucial to the final decision. Therefore a feasibility study on the design options should be included in the decision making process. Workshop is the most direct and effective way to educate the practitioners by how much their project can benefit the environment by choosing the right design options. Meanwhile, their industrial experiences can provide us with the best feasibility evaluation on the sustainable design options. The existing sustainable design tools are designed for the general guidance of building design. These sustainable design tools for buildings mostly focus on the environmental impact of the buildings and the capital cost of the design options. However the life cycle costs and the practitioners’ opinion have been neglected, even they are just as equally important as the environmental impact. Buildings are longlasting products。 harvested wood product management。 improved energy efficiency.6. Forestrydforestation。 restoration of cultivated peaty soils and degraded lands。 alternative refrigeration fluids, recovery and recycle of flu orientated gases.4. Industrydmore efficient enduse electrical equipment。 landuse and transport panning.3. Buildingsdefficient lighting and day lighting。cleaner diesel vehicles。fuel switching from coal to gas。因此,“購物清單”已縮短到適合的具體項目環(huán)境,它不是一個通用適合所有選項列表項目?!斑x擇更好的環(huán)境和低生命周期成本性能獲得較高的排名名單上位置,從業(yè)人員生命周期決定顯著影響成本分析,他們的決定不僅集中于初始資成本,而且還設計方案的長期性能。(重要輸入因素的變化該模型權重)沒有最終產(chǎn)生重大影響結果。“手機收集”等其他選項和“電子設備廢物處置程序,也作為義務教育設計方案由從業(yè)人員選擇盡管它們添加到零售商運營成本,然而,兩個方案環(huán)境優(yōu)勢,利于從業(yè)人員對經(jīng)濟表現(xiàn)。以前的決策方法,重點對初始資本成本和建筑設計對環(huán)境的影響因此只能以較低的資本成本設計選項。11設置管理審查期間評估成功措施實施1212存在探測器照明1213維護時間表1214使用綠色指南以規(guī)范1115使用建設生態(tài)標簽1116發(fā)布存儲操作手冊1117被動設計1118首選供應商的原則1119號樓的可持續(xù)性績效儀表板1020劃的接線1021進行持續(xù)監(jiān)測跟蹤選定指標一旦變化衡量改善1022微調(diào)1023森林管理委員會(FSC)認證的木材1024監(jiān)視器能源,水和廢物925可生物降解的清潔劑926常規(guī)范的方法用于測量環(huán)境性能指標927標準化的預制組件828監(jiān)控施工現(xiàn)場廢物829現(xiàn)場廢物流隔離830再生紙內(nèi)容831天氣補償恒溫832綠色電源供應合同833號樓用戶教育834提高認識關于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的735網(wǎng)站廢物管理計劃736個公廁存在探測器737家零售商的商店作為學習資源738指定為主要建筑構件7絕緣性能39靈活性和耐用性740節(jié)水配件741展示綠色建筑功能,公共642帳戶不良熱得失6.結果分析一些額外的研討會已經(jīng)舉行,而從業(yè)者收集反饋的研究,零售商的行政長官邀請以評估從輸出零售商的全球設計生命周期評估工具可持續(xù)發(fā)展的設計戰(zhàn)略,對于每可持續(xù)發(fā)展的設計方案,在排名基于對長期經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境影響的可行性,并選擇風險提交從業(yè)人員。根據(jù)總決賽分數(shù)在所有的選擇中產(chǎn)生最后一個等級。計劃提供工料測量師和規(guī)范性文件旗艦店估計生產(chǎn)成本頻段基礎。高水平成本估計是由專業(yè)工程師和數(shù)量驗船師產(chǎn)生。主持人介紹每個選項的性質(zhì),研討會的與會者記錄了他們的意見使用的基于優(yōu)先矩陣,有效地評估他們的總偏好選項。設計方案由零售商的決策者提出,他們也引導的選擇加權評價,寧可按照排名系統(tǒng)來平衡可行性和環(huán)境效益。決策者可以選擇最佳作為他們的最合適的設計方案,在長期可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略實踐。 (2)設計方案由他們最后得分被排名。在研討會,從業(yè)人員被要求評價每個標準重要性。可行性得分結合在車間所有從業(yè)人員意見。投資者的風險測量采用常用低,中,高層次,得分為1,0和1。可接受的水平為額外的資金成本和運營成本預算是5000(項目價值約1%)和2500英鎊(%項目的價值)和最首選的額外費用是零或收入(負成本)。由于它是在項目開發(fā)的初始階段,它是不可能的沒有詳細的設計,給一個非常準確的成本估算信息。 (1)建議的可行性設計方案可以根據(jù)決策的集團排名。例如,在面試調(diào)查的問題中的每個設計選項:設計方案的選擇,以及如何評價12的環(huán)境效益的內(nèi)涵和實踐。每個從業(yè)人員給定的選擇評價兩個優(yōu)先領域:環(huán)境利益和方便”。生產(chǎn)車間和一些關鍵的首席執(zhí)行官零售商,每周安排為了評估的可行性,在產(chǎn)業(yè)環(huán)境設計方案。.數(shù)據(jù)采集選取最優(yōu)選擇可持續(xù)的設計,項目取決于多種因素??v橫交錯繪圖法被廣泛應用于一個通用的、綜合性的設計選擇列表。該生命周期評估工具包括來自諮商師及最重要的定量數(shù)據(jù)測量技術工程師和施工技術員的定性評估。 2.方法論.生命周期評價工具的結構在立法和法規(guī)有關可持續(xù)建筑的建設和環(huán)境影響產(chǎn)業(yè)在中國的很少相比其他一些發(fā)達國家[31]。模糊邏輯  已應用于多目標決策問題 [25 – 28]、群決策[29] 和等級排序問題。當選擇使問題很有競爭力和相互依存的相互聯(lián)系,這是更適合的決定?!≈苯蛹訖嗟脑u估法有利于淳樸的決策(19)。有限可持續(xù)設計方案循環(huán)內(nèi)容包工具法建筑分解成構件為了選擇高循環(huán)內(nèi)容建材為項目只關注循環(huán)內(nèi)容方面的可持續(xù)設計。測評工具優(yōu)點缺點英國建筑研究組織環(huán)境評價法涵蓋了廣泛的設計等方面英國公共的非商業(yè)性服務的建筑。生命周期評估工具可以評估無限的可持續(xù)設計方案和經(jīng)濟評估。有許多成本模型,開發(fā)生命周期成本估計,如NHS醫(yī)院大樓[13]、運行費用[14]建筑因素和噪聲屏障及墻[15]的選擇。Tukker[12]聲稱,生命周期評價是一個通用的環(huán)境評價的框架。這些可持續(xù)設計工具主要集中在對建筑物的環(huán)境影響及建筑和資本成本。有大量的文獻和可持續(xù)的設計工具提供眾多的可持續(xù)設計方案由設計師選擇, 但是并不是所有的人可以在實際中實施。林
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