制度變遷中的路徑依賴：一個文獻(xiàn)綜述(文件)
【正文】 體戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃而特別確立的；多數(shù)通過準(zhǔn)則的存在就使得一致通過這一障礙得到解決，協(xié)議只需獲得多數(shù)贊同即可通過并付諸實施。奧托松討論了政策和市場的相互影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)了具有明確目的性的行為主體在政策制定過程中所發(fā)揮的重要作用：在瑞典鐵路國有化過程中，正是這些行為主體提出了新的國有化議案，改變了國內(nèi)私有的鐵路部門的制度環(huán)境，從而為最終的國有化進(jìn)程鋪平了道路。然而，不同的規(guī)制結(jié)構(gòu)決定了不同的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，從而從長遠(yuǎn)角度看決定了不同制度背景下的相同發(fā)展模式最終必然走向分歧：在一些國家，某一變遷的促發(fā)必須以變更某些規(guī)制為代價才能獲得，這將引發(fā)大量的談判和更改立法費用；而在另一些國家，相應(yīng)的規(guī)制并不存在，變遷可以無阻礙地進(jìn)行，規(guī)制結(jié)構(gòu)的差異決定了開始相同的發(fā)展模式在后續(xù)的發(fā)展過程中日益顯露出區(qū)別。演變過程中政府扮演的重要角色，以及由此帶來的規(guī)制變遷的高度路徑依賴效應(yīng)。隨著戰(zhàn)后歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇和美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮，政治利益逐漸退居幕后，經(jīng)濟(jì)利益在跨國關(guān)系中逐漸占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。上述的四項實證研究從不同側(cè)面論證了路徑依賴效應(yīng)的重要作用及其背后的更深層次原因，它們把抽象的理論探討具體化到個案分析中，論述了政府政策、發(fā)展模式、制度背景變更和國家特色等因素是如何影響制度變遷并使其呈現(xiàn)出路徑依賴特性的。主要參考文獻(xiàn)：AnderssonSkog, L.(1995), ‘The Making of National Telephone Networks in Scandinavia: The State and the Emergence of National Regulatory Patterns 18801920’, in Evolutionary Economics and Path Dependence (edited by Magnusson amp。 Ottosson), PP10PP32.David, P.(1994), “Why are Institutions the ‘Carriers of History’?: Path Dependence and the Evolution of Conventions, Organizations and Institutions”, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, , . 1994.Field, A.(1981) ‘The Problem with Neoclassical Institutional Economics: A Critique with Special Reference to the North/Thomas Model of Pre1500 Europe’, Explanations in Economic History 18(April), 1981.Hamilton, D.(1953), Newtonian Classicism and Darwinian Institutionalism. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1953.Hodgson, G.(2002), ‘Darwin, Veblen and the Problem of Causality in Economics’, History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, unpublished manuscript.Hodgson, G.（2003a） ‘The Hidden Persuaders: Institutions and Individuals in Economic Theory’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol27, 2003.Hodgson, G.(2003b), ‘Darwinism and Institutional Economics’, Journal of Economic Issue, March, 2003.Liebowitz, S. amp。 Lindberg), Cambridge University Press, New York.Lyth, P.(1995), ‘Institutional Change and European Air Transport, 19101985’, in Evolutionary Economics and Path Dependence (edited by Magnusson amp。 Ottosson), PP98PP118.Simon, H.(1956), ‘Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment’, Psychological Review, 63.Veblen, T.(1914), The Instinct of Workmanship, and the State of the Industrial Arts. New York, Macmillan, 1914.Veblen, T.(1899), The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions. New York, Macmillan, 1899.Veblen, T.(1919), The Place of Science in Modern Civilization and Other Essays. New York, Huebsch, 1919.Wolfe, A.(1924) “Functional Economics”, In The Trend of Economics, edited by R. Tugwell, PP443PP482, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1924。諾斯（North, 1990）《制度、制度變遷與經(jīng)濟(jì)績效》，上海三聯(lián)書店，1994。盧瑟福(Rutherford, 1994 )《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的制度》，中國社會科學(xué)出版社，1999。 Ottosson, J.(1995), Introduction of Evolutionary Economics and Path Dependence, Elward Elgar, Cheltenham, 1997.Ottosson, J.(1995), ‘Path Dependence and Institutional EvolutionThe Case of the Nationalization of Private Railroads in Interwar Sweden’, in Evolutionary Economics and Path Dependence (edited by Magnusson amp。 Organization, 11(1).Lindberg, L. amp。 Ostlund, J.(1995), ‘Institutions as Determinants of Institutional ChangeCase Stud
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