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試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)(ppt76)-銷售管理(文件)

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【正文】 A B 正交表(例) 6 進(jìn)行分析 選取較優(yōu)方案: 最優(yōu)方案一般就是最優(yōu)水平的組合 , 所謂最優(yōu)水平的組合就是指全體最優(yōu)水平組成的試驗(yàn)條件; 當(dāng)試驗(yàn)指標(biāo)最大最好時(shí) , 以每列的 Ki中數(shù)值最大的相應(yīng)水平為最優(yōu)水平; 本例中 , 因素 A 中最優(yōu)水平為水平 3 因素 B 中最優(yōu)水平為水平 1 因素 C 中最優(yōu)水平為水平 2 因素 D 中最優(yōu)水平為水平 3 最優(yōu)水平組合為 A3B1C2D3: 正交表(例) 6 進(jìn)行分析 畫趨勢(shì)圖: 370 380 390 10001010102010301040105010601070108010901100水灰比 含砂率 減水劑 水泥7 反復(fù)調(diào)優(yōu)試驗(yàn) , 逼近最優(yōu)方案 第二章 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) 一、獨(dú)立組設(shè)計(jì) 二、組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì) 三、混合設(shè)計(jì) 四、單組后測(cè)設(shè)計(jì) 五、單組前測(cè)后測(cè)設(shè)計(jì) 六、固定組比較設(shè)計(jì) 七、事后回溯設(shè)計(jì) 八、中斷時(shí)間序列設(shè)計(jì) 九、質(zhì)的評(píng)鑒與研究 真實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) 前實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) 準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) 一、獨(dú)立組設(shè)計(jì)( 1) ( Independent Group Designs) ? 定義:就是把數(shù)目相同的被試分配到自變量的不同水平或不同的自變量上。 隨機(jī)組設(shè)計(jì)( 2) ( random groups design) ? 隨機(jī)分配( random selection) ? 隨機(jī)選擇( random assignment) 隨機(jī)組設(shè)計(jì)( 3) ( random groups design) ? Loftus and Burns (1982) ? 實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康模嚎疾毂┝雒鎸?duì)人的記憶的影響。 ? 因變量是正確回憶出男孩運(yùn)動(dòng)衫號(hào)碼的人數(shù)的百分?jǐn)?shù)。 需要特征 ( demand characteristics) ? Demand characteristics: the cues and other information used by participants to guide their behavior in a psychological study, often leading participants to do what they believe the observer (experimenter) expects them to do. 安慰劑控制( placebo effect) ? Placebo effect: the improvement often shown in drug effectiveness studies when patients believe they have received a drug, although they have actually received an inert substance. ? The term es from a Latin word meaning ―to please,‖ and discovered by physicians. 實(shí)驗(yàn)者效應(yīng) ( experimenter effects) ? Experimenter effects: the experimenters’ expectations that may lead them to treat subjects differently in different groups or to record data in a biased manner. 雙盲實(shí)驗(yàn) ( doubleblind experiments) ? Doubleblind experiments: an experimental technique in which neither the subject nor the experimenter knows which subjects are in which treatment conditions. 二、組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì) ( Within group, Withinsubjects design, Repeatedmeasures design) ? A design in which the independent variable is implemented by administering all the levels of the independent variable to each subject. 選擇組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的原因(優(yōu)點(diǎn)) ? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)需要的被試較少。 ? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)消除了被試的個(gè)別差異對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)的影響。 – 如果實(shí)驗(yàn)中每一種實(shí)驗(yàn)條件需要較長時(shí)間的恢復(fù)期,則不宜使用組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)。早期的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),被試能夠準(zhǔn)確地區(qū)分呈現(xiàn)給他們的人類的 6種基本情緒(快樂、驚奇、恐懼、悲傷、憤怒、和厭惡)的照片。每次呈現(xiàn)一張幻燈片,每張呈現(xiàn) 10秒鐘,然后給被試 35秒鐘進(jìn)行評(píng)定。 Sackheim等人用大腦半球的分化解釋以上實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。 ABBA平衡法( ABBA Counterbalancing) (1) T r ial 1 T r ial 2 T r ial 3 T r ial 4 T r ial 5 T r ial 6C on d iti o nL ef t O rig i n al R ig ht R ig ht O rig i n al L ef tPr a ct ic e ef f e ct (l in e ar ) +0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5Pr a ct ic e ef f e ct ( no nl i ne ar ) 0 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6ABBA平衡法( ABBA Counterbalancing) (2) ? 聯(lián)系效果的線性增長; ? 預(yù)期作用( anticipation effects) 不完全的組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì) ( inplete withinsubjects design) ? A type of withinsubjects design in which each condition is administered to each subject only once and the order of administering the conditions is varied across subjects such that practice effects are neutralized by bining the results for all subjects. 所有可能的順序 ( all possible orders) 實(shí) 驗(yàn) 順 序 實(shí) 驗(yàn) 順 序 1st 2d 3d 4th 1st 2d 3d 4th 1 2 3 4 3 1 2 4 1 2 4 3 3 1 4 2 1 3 2 4 3 2 1 4 1 3 4 2 3 2 4 1 1 4 2 3 3 4 1 2 1 4 3 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 3 4 4 1 2 3 2 1 4 3 4 1 3 2
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