【正文】 usiness” that determines “ international” or not. ? Nationality of individuals / location of negotiation / place of delivery is not a determinate factor for “ international” . ? (2) Indirect application. ? According to Article (1) (b), Even if one or both parties do not have their place of business in a contracting state, the CISG might still apply “when the rules of private international law(國(guó)際私法 ) lead to the application of the law of a contracting state”. “ 如果國(guó)際私法規(guī)則導(dǎo)致適用某一締約國(guó)的法律 ” Sphere of Application ? Article 1 (1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States: (a) when the States are Contracting States。 ? (3) Opting out(退出 ) ? Article 6 The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions. ? 雙方當(dāng)事人可以不適用本公約，或在第十二條的條件下，減損本公約的任何規(guī)定或改變其效力。 ? Article 5 ? This Convention does not apply to the liability （責(zé)任、義務(wù)） of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person. ? 本公約不適用于賣方對(duì)于貨物對(duì)任何人所造成得死亡或傷害的責(zé)任 ? (6) Reservation（保留） ? China makes two reservations towards the provisions under CISG。 ? 4) Sales of stocks, shares investment securities， Negotiable instruments（可流通票據(jù)） or money。 (b) by auction。 (f) of electricity. 第二條 本公約不適用于以下的銷售： (a) 購(gòu)供私人、家人或家庭使用的貨物的銷售，除非賣方在訂立合同前任何時(shí)候或訂立合同時(shí)不知道而且沒(méi)有理由知道這些貨物是購(gòu)供任何這種使用； (b) 經(jīng)由拍賣的銷售； (c) 根據(jù)法律執(zhí)行令狀或其它令狀的銷售； (d) 公債、股票、投資證券、流通票據(jù)或貨幣的銷售； (e) 船舶、船只、氣墊船或飛機(jī)的銷售； (f) 電力的銷售。） ? (2) However, an offer cannot be revoked: （但在下列情況下，發(fā)價(jià)不得撤銷：） ? (a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable。 and ? 3) it must match the terms of the offer exactly and unequivocally. ? (3) Time of Acceptance ? Article 21 ? (1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror orally so informs （告知） the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect. ? （ 逾期接受仍有接受的效力，如果發(fā)價(jià)人毫不遲延地用口頭或書(shū)面將此種意見(jiàn)通知被發(fā)價(jià)人。 (2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. If he does not so object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance. 但是， 對(duì)發(fā)價(jià)表示接受但載有添加或不同條件的答復(fù)，如所載的添加或不同條件在實(shí)質(zhì)上并不變更該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)的條件，除發(fā)價(jià)人在不過(guò)分遲延的期間內(nèi)以口頭或書(shū)面通知反對(duì) 其間的差異外，仍構(gòu)成接受。 ? 2)If T kept silent after received the acceptance from L。 ? 如果合同規(guī)定有日期，或從合同可以確定日期，應(yīng)在該日期交貨 ? ② If a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the buyer is to choose a date。但是，買方保留本公約所規(guī)定的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。 貨物的質(zhì)量與賣方向買方提供的貨物樣品或樣式相同； ? (d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods. 貨物按照同類貨物通用的方式裝箱或包裝，如果沒(méi)有此種通用方式，則按照足以保全和保護(hù)貨物的方式裝箱或包裝。 ? Article 42 ? (1) The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property, of which at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or could not have been unaware, provided that the right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property: ? 賣方所交付的貨物，必須是第三方不能根據(jù)工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)或其它知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)主張任何權(quán)利或要求的貨物，但以賣方在訂立合同時(shí)已知道或不可能不知道的權(quán)利或要求為限， 而且這種權(quán)利或要求根據(jù)以下國(guó)家的法律規(guī)定 是以工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)或其它知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)的： ? (a) under the law of the State where the goods will be resold or otherwise used, if it was contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the goods would be resold or otherwise used in that State。 or ? 賣方的營(yíng)業(yè)地；或者 ? (b) if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents, at the place where the handing over takes place. ? 如憑移交貨物或單據(jù)支付價(jià)款，則為移交貨物或單據(jù)的地點(diǎn)。 3. Exemptions of Liability免責(zé) ? Article 79 ? (1) A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overe it or its consequences. ? 當(dāng)事人對(duì)不履行義務(wù)，不負(fù)責(zé)任，如果他能證明此種不履行義務(wù)，是由于某種 非他所能控制的障礙 ，而且對(duì)于這種障礙， 沒(méi)有理由預(yù)期他在訂立合同時(shí)能考慮到或能 避免或克服它或它的后果 。 ? 4) The defaulting party proves that the challenged nonperformance was due to such an impediment. ? Case: ? In 1974, a pany in Poland sold a passel of sugar to another pany in England. The contract provided that the seller should deliver the goods within November or December. In August, because of heavy rain, the sugar beets（甜菜） were mostly destroyed. By the end of December, the seller could not deliver the sugar, and required exemption of the contract liability for force majeure(不可抗力 ). ? Can the seller exempt the contract liability for force majeure? ? No. The subject matter of the contract is sugar, not sugar beets. Heavy rain did not lead to the impossibility of delivery of sugar, and the seller should collect the goods through other way. ? Suppose in October, to supply the sugar for its people, the Polish government issued an injunction（禁令） to stop exporting sugar. By the end of December the seller did not deliver the goods. The buyer claimed for pensation of damage. The seller required exemption of liability for force majeure. ? Can the seller exempt the contract liability for force majeure? ? Yes. Beca