【正文】 as stocks, electricity, ships, hovercraft, and aircraft. ? Third, the CISG excludes sales of goods where the buyer supplies a “substantial part” of the “materials” necessary for production. ? 買方 供應(yīng)生產(chǎn)所需的大部分重要材料 的合同 ? Fourth, sales of manufactured goods are excluded where the “preponderant part” of the obligations of the supplier are in the form of labor or other services. ? 供應(yīng)貨物一方的絕大部分義務(wù)在于供應(yīng)勞力或其它服務(wù)的合同 ? (2) Sales ? The CISG applies to all contracts for the sales of goods except for: ? 1)Goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller was unaware of that fact。 ? 5) Ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft, however it has not been interpreted to mean that it does not apply to such goods ponents(零件 )。 (c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law。 ? Article 3 ? (1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production. ? 供應(yīng)尚待制造或生產(chǎn)的貨物的合同應(yīng)視為銷售合同 , 除非訂購貨物的當(dāng)事人保證供應(yīng)這種制造或生產(chǎn)所需的大部分重要材料 . ? (2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant( 優(yōu)勢的 ) part of the obligations of the party （當(dāng)事人） who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services. ? 本公約不適用于供應(yīng)貨物一方的絕大部分義務(wù)在于供應(yīng)勞力或其它服務(wù)的合同 II. Formation of Contract for International Sale of Goods ? 1. What is the requirement of the form of a contract for international sale of goods in CISG? ? is an offer?What are the requirements of it? And when does it bee effective? ? is an acceptance? What are the requirements of it? And when does it bee effective? ? 1. Formality of Contract ? 2. Offer ? (1) Definiteness ? Under Article 14 (1) of CISG, “ (a) proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price” . ? (2) Requirements of Offer ? 1) the description of the goods。 or （發(fā)價(jià)寫明接受發(fā)價(jià)的期限或以其它方式表示發(fā)價(jià)是不可撤銷的；或） ? (b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance （相信） on the offer. （被發(fā)價(jià)人有理由信賴該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)是不可撤銷的，而且被發(fā)價(jià)人已本著對該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)的信賴行事。 ? (2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect. （ 如果載有逾期接受的信件或其它書面文件表明，它是在傳遞正常、能及時(shí)送達(dá)發(fā)價(jià)人的情況下寄發(fā)的，則該項(xiàng)逾期接受具有接受的效力，除非發(fā)價(jià)人毫不遲延地用口 頭或書面通知被發(fā)價(jià)人：他認(rèn)為他的發(fā)價(jià)已經(jīng)失效。如果發(fā)價(jià)人不做出這種反對，合同的條件就以該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)的條件以及接受通知內(nèi)所載的更改為準(zhǔn)。 ? 3)After received the acceptance from L, T informed L that it would not accept the late acceptance. III. Obligations of the Seller and Buyer 買賣雙方的義務(wù) ? 1. Seller’s Obligations ? (1) Delivery of the Goods（交付貨物） ? 1) Place of delivery. The CISG Article 31 gives the following rules for ascertaining the place of delivery: ? ① If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods by sea, land or air, in the absence of any express agreement, the seller is obliged to deliver the goods only to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer. ? Article 31 ? If the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists: ? 如果賣方?jīng)]有義務(wù)要在任何其它特定地點(diǎn)交付貨物，他的交貨義務(wù)如下： ? (a) if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods in handing the goods over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer。or ? 如果合同規(guī)定有一段時(shí)間，或從合同可以確定一段時(shí)間，除非情況表明應(yīng)由買方選定一個日期外，應(yīng)在該段時(shí)間內(nèi)任何時(shí)候交貨；或者 ? ③ In any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract. ? 在其它情況下，應(yīng)在訂立合同后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)交貨。 ? (3) Conformity of the Goods（貨物相符） ? 1) requires a seller to deliver goods that meet the specifications of the contract in terms of description, quality, quantity and packaging. ? 2) states standards relating to the goods’s quality, function and packaging that, while not mandatory, are presumed to be part of sales contract. ? (2) Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform （符合） with the contract unless they: （ 除雙方當(dāng)事人業(yè)已另有協(xié)議外，貨物除非符合以下規(guī)定，否則即為與合同不符： ? (a) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used。 ? Article 36 ? (1) The seller is liable in accordance with the contract and this Convention for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity bees apparent only after that time. 賣方應(yīng)按照合同和本公約的規(guī)定，對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)到買方時(shí)所存在的任何不符合同情形，負(fù)有責(zé)任，即使這種不符合同情形在該時(shí)間后方始明顯。 or ? 如果雙方當(dāng)事人在訂立合同時(shí)預(yù)期貨物將在某一國境內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)售或做其它使用，則根據(jù)貨物將在其境內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)售或做其它使用的國家的法律；或者 ? (b) in any other case, under the law of the State where the buyer has his place of business. ? 在任何其它情況下，根據(jù)買方營業(yè)地所在國家的法律。 ? (2) The seller must bear any increases in the expenses incidental to payment which is caused by a change in his place of business subsequent to the conclusion of the contract. ? 賣方必須承擔(dān)因其營業(yè)地在訂立合同后發(fā)生變動而增加的支付方面的有關(guān)費(fèi)用。 ? 1) An impediment beyond the defaulting party’ s control。 a break in a wall or a dam 2. Foresee/Foreseeability To predit 3. Burden of Proof An obligation to present reasonable evidence of truthfulness Resort The final option that is available to a party 5. Fundamental An essential part of something