【正文】 pter, you will learn about: (1) What electronic merce is and how it is experiencing a second wave of growth with a new focus on profitability (2) Why panies now concentrate on revenue models and the analysis of business processes instead of business models when they undertake electronic merce initiatives (3) How economic forces have created a business environment that is fostering the second wave of electronic merce (4) How businesses use value chains and SWOT analysis to identify electronic merce opportunities (5) The international nature of electronic merce and the challenges that arise in engaging in electronic merce on a global scaleEC4ECelectronic merce: the second WaveEC5ECvFrom humble beginnings in the mid1990s, electronic merce grew rapidly until 2023, when a major downturn occurred. 167。 a task performed by a worker in the course of doing his or her jobv Transaction 167。 The group of logical, related, and sequential activities and transactions in which businesses engage167。 Transactions conducted between businesses on the Web, often called businesstobusiness (or B2B, sometimes called eprocurement)167。 The pany must also undertake many other activities to convert the purchased materials into speakers. These activities might include:? hiring and managing the people who make the speakers,? renting or buying the facilities in which the speakers are made and stored, ? shipping the speakers, ? maintaining accounting records, ? purchasing insurance, ? developing advertising campaigns, ? designing new versions of the speakers. 167。 Independent firm that offers connection and transactionforwarding services to buyers and sellers engaged in EDI20EC Electronic Commerce: The Second Wave (cont.)EC4 The dot boom, bust, and rebirthv Between 1997 and 2023, more than 12,000 interrelated businesses were started with more than $100 billion of investors’ money (DotCom Boom).v More than 5000 of these panies went out of business or were acquired in the downturn that began in 2023 (DotCom Bust).v Between 2023 and 2023:more than $200 billion was invested in purchasing electronic merce businesses that were in trouble and starting new online ventures.v This second wave of financial investment has not been reported extensively in either the general or business media, but it is fueling a rebirth of growth in online business activity (DotCom Rebirth).21EC Electronic Commerce: The Second Wave (cont.)EC5 The Second Wave of Electronic CommercevEconomists Chris Freeman and Francisco Lou231。 Many EC web sites available in multiple languages167。 Use of multiple sophisticated advertising approaches and better integration of EC with existing business processes and strategies167。 Dominant influence of . businesses 167。 B2B EC relied on a patchwork of disparate munication and inventory management technologies167。 Rely on firstmover advantage to ensure success in all types of markets and industries23ECvNot all of the future of EC is based in it’s second wave. vSome of the first wave panies were successful, such as , eBay, and Yahoo.vThe second wave of EC will provide new opportunities for these business .vP13The Second Wave of Electronic Commerce (continued)* 24EC Business models(交易模式 ), revenue models(盈利模式 ), Business processes(交易流程 )EC25EC Business model167。 Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter, argued that business models not only did not matter, they probably did not exist.167。 The revenue model idea is helpful for classifying revenue generating activities for munication and analysis purposes.27EC Role of MerchandisingvMerchandising （零售推銷）167。 Gasoline, office supplies, soap, puters, and airline transportation are all examples of modity products or services, as are the books and CDs sold by .167。 Many people are finding information on the Web about new and used automobiles. 167。 Reduce costs of handling sales inquiries167。 Highcost, unique items such as customdesigned jewelry(impossible to inspect adequately from a remote location)35ECDisadvantages: n Returnoninvestment is difficult to calculate.? Costs, which are a function（函數(shù)） of technology, can change dramatically even during shortlived electronic merce implementation projects because the underlying technologies are changing so rapidly.n Many firms have had trouble recruiting and retaining employees with the technological, design, and business process skills needed to create an effective electronic merce presence.n Difficulty of integrating existing databases and transactionprocessing software designed for traditional merce into the software that enables electronic merce. — Although a number of panies offer software design and consulting services that promise to tie existing systems into new online business systems, these services can be expensive.n Many businesses face cultural and legal obstacles to conducting electronic merce. Disadvantages of EC36EC Quick Quizv The group of logical, related, and sequential activities and transactions in which businesses engage are often collectively referred to as ( ).v ( ) occurs when one business transmits puterreadable data in a standard format to another business.v Businesses that engage in EDI with each other are called ( ).v The bination of store design, layout, and product display knowledge is called ( ). 37EC economic forces and electronic merce38EC Contents: The role of Electronic Commerce Network Economic Structures Transaction Costs Network Effects39EC Economic ForcesvEconomics 167。 brokerage fees and sales missions167。 Increasing coordination of actions167。 Individuals make a high investment in learning and adapting to the culture of their employers. 16