完全競爭市場行為概述-wenkub
2023-02-08 22:30:19 本頁面
【正文】 ate guidance (指導(dǎo) ) as to when and how to intervene in the market to correct market failures as well as how to measure our success or failure at doing so. 65 68 公平問題 ? 市場競爭的結(jié)果可以是有效率的，但未必是公平的。 MC = SS 65 56 眾多消費者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Person A Person B Industry P* 65 57 需求曲線反映社會的利益 ? 需求曲線反映了消費者的邊際效用。 Vilfredo Pareto 18481923 65 51 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 ? An economy is clearly inefficient if it operates inside the PPF and no one need suffer a decline in utility by moving to the PPF. ? Therefore, at a minimum, an efficient economy is on its PPF. Butter U 65 52 Butter ? ? ? ? ? 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 ? Noheless, allocative efficiency goes one step further and requires not only that the right mix of goods be produced but also that these goods be allocated among consumers to maximize consumer satisfaction. 65 53 競爭性均衡的效率 效率 生產(chǎn)的效率 配置的效率 資源配置效率 產(chǎn)品配置效率 65 54 完全競爭均衡時的效率 ? 完全競爭的長期均衡可以同時滿足：生產(chǎn)的效率和配置的效率（包括配置資源和配置產(chǎn)品）。 65 28 零利潤和停產(chǎn)價格 Quantity Price, AC, MC MC AC AVC M M’ Shutdown point Zeroprofit point d d PS 65 29 停產(chǎn)規(guī)則 ? The shutdown point (停產(chǎn)點 ) es where revenues just cover variable costs or where loses are equal to fixed costs. 65 30 ? The higher the firm’s fixed costs, the more it has to lose by shutting down. 固定成本的重要性 ? Which type of industry is more likely to incur such losses? ? (a) An industry with low fixed costs like coffee shops and dry cleaners ? (b) A capitalintensive industry with high fixed costs like automobiles and the airlines 競爭行業(yè)的供給行為 65 32 企業(yè)的供給曲線 Quantity Price, AC, MC AC AVC Shutdown point Supply curve 65 33 市場供給曲線 Quantity A Quantity B Total quantity Price Price Price Firm A’s Supply Firm B’s Supply Market Supply S S 65 34 說明 ? 如果企業(yè)的供給之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)時，不能簡單地將各個企業(yè)的供給相加來得到市場供給。 顧客大量流失 65 16 Q d d Firm Output P D S Q* P* q p Industry Output ? How would you describe the firm’s demand in terms of elasticity? a) Elastic b) Inelastic c) Perfectly elastic 65 17 邊際收益 ? Marginal Revenue (MR) is the change in revenue that is generated by additional unit of sales
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