【正文】
2 薪酬的構(gòu)成、性質(zhì) 、 功能及與薪酬有關(guān)的激勵(lì)理論 、 性質(zhì)和功能 薪酬的構(gòu)成 薪酬是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,從不同的視角可以對其進(jìn)行各種分類。 (2)組織內(nèi)在因素 (anization internal factors) 影響薪酬管理的組織內(nèi)在因素具體包括 :企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)支付能力、人力資源及薪酬政策、企業(yè)規(guī)模、企業(yè)文化、企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu) (層級式或扁平式 )以及企業(yè)所處的生命周期的特定階段等。人力資源管理總是在一定的社會(huì)政治條件環(huán)境中進(jìn)行的,都必須體現(xiàn)依法治國 (企 )的精神。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢及發(fā)展趨勢會(huì)影響企業(yè)的人力資源政策的制訂和調(diào)整。 薪酬管理,是指企業(yè)管理者對員工報(bào)酬的支付標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、發(fā)放水平、要素結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行確定、分配和調(diào)整的過程。傳統(tǒng)薪酬管理的著眼點(diǎn)是物質(zhì)報(bào)酬 ,較少考慮被管理者的行為特征 ;而現(xiàn)代薪酬管理的著眼點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到人力資源的開發(fā)和利用上來,將物質(zhì)報(bào)酬的管理過程與員工激勵(lì)過程緊密地結(jié)合起來,成為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的有機(jī)整體。 ②社會(huì)環(huán)境。 ④科技環(huán)境。 (3)工作因素 (work factors) 影響薪酬管理的工作因素具體包括 :工作環(huán)境、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、工作復(fù)雜程度以及工作的自主性、挑戰(zhàn)性和變化性等。依薪酬的發(fā)生機(jī)理,可以把薪酬分為內(nèi)在薪酬和外在薪酬。其具體表現(xiàn)形式是多種多樣的,主要包括工資、獎(jiǎng)金、福利、津貼等具體形式 : ①工資 ( wage) 一個(gè)員工只要在企業(yè)中工作,就能定期拿到一個(gè)固定數(shù)額的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬。作為員工基本薪酬的工資,其數(shù)額基本固定,能為員工提供一個(gè)較穩(wěn)定的收入來源,滿足員工起碼的生活需要。 ④津貼與補(bǔ)貼津貼 (subsidy)是指對企業(yè)工資或薪水等難以完全、準(zhǔn)確反映的情況或根據(jù)員工的特殊勞動(dòng)條件和工作特性以及特定條件下的額外生活費(fèi)用而計(jì)付給員工的一種補(bǔ)償。此外,還可以按照薪酬是否取得直接的貨幣形式,將其分為貨幣性和非貨幣性薪酬。在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下,企業(yè)主要通過薪酬來核算或計(jì)量生產(chǎn)與其他經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中活勞動(dòng)的消耗。它對消費(fèi)水平和消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)都有重要的影響,而消費(fèi)實(shí)際上是勞動(dòng)力再生產(chǎn)的過程,勞動(dòng)力的再生產(chǎn)又對下一步生產(chǎn)具有重要影響。薪酬既是企業(yè)購買勞動(dòng)力的成本,也是用來交換勞動(dòng)者活勞動(dòng)的手段,同時(shí)還是一種對活勞動(dòng)的投資,它能夠給雇主帶來預(yù)期大于成本的收益。因此,薪酬可以激勵(lì)員工不斷提高工作效率和工作積極性。 ②從員工方面看,薪酬具有以下功能:一是勞動(dòng)力再生產(chǎn)保障功能。三是合理的薪酬能加強(qiáng)員工對企業(yè)的信任感,增強(qiáng)員工對 預(yù)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的心理保障意識和安全感。 與薪酬有關(guān)的激勵(lì)理論 薪酬歷來都是一個(gè)倍受關(guān)注的課題,它不僅僅關(guān)系到每個(gè)人的切身利益,更是牽涉到每個(gè)組織,整個(gè)社會(huì),乃至 整個(gè)國家的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。如何通過薪酬來激勵(lì)員工的工作積極性和工作效率,是進(jìn)行薪酬研究、設(shè)計(jì)和薪酬管理的核心內(nèi)容。 激勵(lì) ( Motivation).激勵(lì)原本是一個(gè)心理學(xué) 的概念,就其本質(zhì)而言,它是表示某種動(dòng)機(jī)所產(chǎn)生的原因,即發(fā)生某種行為的動(dòng)機(jī)是如何產(chǎn)生的。當(dāng)今社會(huì),激勵(lì)已經(jīng)越來越被許多管理者在實(shí)施指導(dǎo)與 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作中被視為重要的方法,從而有效地結(jié)合人力,運(yùn)用技術(shù),達(dá)到統(tǒng)一全體員工的意志,又使個(gè)人心情舒暢,實(shí)現(xiàn)組織的目標(biāo)。 需求層次理論 (Hierarchy of Needs Theory) 馬斯洛 (Maslow)提出了需要層次理論,認(rèn)為人類的需要是以層次的形式出現(xiàn)的,由低級的需要開始逐級向上發(fā)展到高級的需要。按照馬斯洛的觀點(diǎn),如果希望激勵(lì)某人,就必須了解此人目前所處的需要層次,然 后著重滿足這一層次或在此層次之上的需要。身為主管人員,為了有效地激勵(lì)下屬,就必須要了解其下屬需要滿足的是什么。 從心理學(xué)的角度來考察,期望理論包含三種特定的心理聯(lián)系 : 首先是努力付出與業(yè)績聯(lián)系 (Effortperformance linkage),即指個(gè)人所感知的通過努力能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)預(yù)期業(yè)績?nèi)諛?biāo)的可能性。 第二,這個(gè)結(jié)果對員工有多大的吸引力。企業(yè)薪酬制度的改革貫穿于國有企業(yè)改革的全過程。在較大程度上存在著就薪酬論薪酬,把公平、合理地分配薪酬本身當(dāng)成一種目的而不是關(guān)注什么樣的薪酬制度會(huì)在企業(yè)改革與發(fā)展過程 中有利于企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略和人力資源戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)現(xiàn),南京 DE閥門廠沒有從自身的總體戰(zhàn)略和人力資源戰(zhàn)略出發(fā)來改革和完善薪酬制度,并沒有立足于企業(yè)的經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略和人力資源戰(zhàn)略,以勞動(dòng)力市場為依據(jù),最后形成企業(yè)的薪酬管理系統(tǒng)。普通工人的薪酬高于市場薪酬價(jià)位。 該企業(yè)的一些關(guān)鍵崗位、重要崗位上的職工,其薪酬水平低于市場薪酬價(jià)位。 從我們調(diào)查了解的情況來看,一方面企業(yè)有許多員工對現(xiàn)有的薪酬制度不滿,要求變革,希望拉開薪酬差距,讓薪酬真正體現(xiàn)勞動(dòng)者的素質(zhì)和貢獻(xiàn),體現(xiàn)出多勞多得 ; 另一方面又有許多員工的不能正確對待薪酬差距。 在進(jìn)行薪酬體系設(shè)計(jì)過程中,努力實(shí)現(xiàn)以下目標(biāo) :能夠?yàn)槠髽I(yè)的薪酬分配提供一個(gè)基本的思路和框架 ,結(jié)構(gòu)合理,可操作性強(qiáng) ; 效率優(yōu)先、兼顧公平 ; 堅(jiān)持同工同酬,體現(xiàn)多勞多得 ; 在適當(dāng)增加工資總額的同時(shí),合理拉開收入差距。 (2)薪酬結(jié)構(gòu) 其計(jì)算公式 :一線生產(chǎn)人員 月計(jì)件薪酬 =崗位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工資 X目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量完成率 X目標(biāo)成本完成率 X品質(zhì)系數(shù) +技能工資 +崗位津貼。 品質(zhì)系數(shù) =-當(dāng)月所扣系數(shù) +當(dāng)月增加系數(shù) ①確定崗位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工資 根據(jù)崗位的技術(shù)難度、工作強(qiáng)度、工作條件和應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任的大小等來確定崗位級別,不同級別確定不同的崗位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工資。如果遇到特殊情況 (如停產(chǎn)大修 ),員工領(lǐng)取崗位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工資。s level of education and skills enhancement, the pensation system of enterprises must make out the appropriate adjustments for employees of these social changes. ③ Political environment. Human resources management is always a certain social and political conditions for the environment, must reflect the spirit of country(enterprises) according to law. ④ Technological environment. Technology environment including the whole process from raw materials and products to the market. In the process from raw materials to the products, any technological breakthroughs and improvements, and the staff of enterprises will all have a tremendous impact, therefore, enterprises must continuously reform the pensation system, to mobilize the enthusiasm of key personnel, the introduction of technology and retain the key personnel, encourage technological innovation, in order to gain the petitive advantages of technology, talent and innovation for enterprises. (2)Organization internal factors Influence the anizations of pensation management specific inter nal factors include : the pensation management of financial capability, human resources and remuneration policies, the scale of enterprises, the culture of enterprises, the structure of enterprises (or flatlevel type), and faced life cycle of the specific stages. (3)Work factors The influence of work factors of pensation management specific including: work environment, labor intensity, and plexity of the initiative, and challenges and so on. (4)Individual factors The impact of individual actors of pensation management including: the laborers’ personal ability, personality, character traits and values, seniority, performance, experience, education, the development potential. In summary, the pay is an integrated with the four elements harmony of management, environment, anizations, and individuals, and continuously the process of effective use, in this process, employees gained the satisfaction and a sense of achievement on labor reward and job, and anizations will plete its goals. 2 The structure, quality and function of pensation, and the motivation theory of pensation The structure, quality and function of pensation The structure of pensation Compensation is a plex economic and social phenomenon from different angles can perform various classifications. According to the mechanism of pensation, it can divide into internal and external pensation. (1) Internal pensation Internal pensation means the staff by virtue of their own hard work to ge t honor, success and liability. Internal pensation include : participation in the decisionmaking rights, individuals to play the potential job opportunities, independence and freedom to arrange their working hours, more terms, more interested in the work, personal development opportunities, diversification of activities. (2) External pensation External pensation means enterprises according to the staff for the size of contribution they made and that paid the various forms of ine to the staff. Its specific manifestations are varied, including wages, bonuses, benefits, allowances and other specific forms: ① Wages .employees as long as works in enterprises, we will be able to get a regular fixed amount of labor remuneration. The narrow wages paid to workers refer to the moary reward. From the meaning of generalized wages, including laborers moary and all the remunera