【正文】 ening ScriptThe Greek word for man is anthropos and the word anthropologyhas been in the English language for centuries. But just what does theword mean? Literally anthropology means the study of man. However, as British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead noted, It is a wellfounded historical generalization that the last thing to be discovered inany science is what the science is really about. And as Paul Bohannan,renowned anthropologist, pointed out a number of years ago, Eachscience that deals with people has its own definitions of human. AnEconomist, he explains, defines a human as a choicemaking animal.Philosophers define man as a rationalizing animal. . . . Anthropologyattempts to be allinclusivethe study of human behavior in all placesand throughout time. It specializes in the description of humanistic, scientific, biological, historical, psychological, and social views of humans.To paraphrase Barbara Miller39。s work Mirror for Man is considered one of the best introductions to anthropology. Cultural anthropology and the scientificstudy of human culture will be discussed in more detail in our nextlecture. The subfields of cultural anthropology are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography.Archaeology is the study of different cultures through materialsources rather than direct interviews or observations of the groupunder study. One example of a famous archaeological site discoveredin the past century was King Tut39。s review some of the information you just heard to help youwith your notetaking. Check your notes and fill in any informationyou didn 39。s antbtopos. So what is the meaningof anthropology! Literally, it is the study of man. What was thename of the British philosopher! Did you get his full name! AlfredNorth Whitehead. What was his message about science! He said thelast thing to be discovered in any science is what it is really about.Is Paul Bohannan a physical or social anthropologist! You39。re going to begin by stating that anthropology is thestudy of human behavior in all places and at all times.Western civilization takes credit for the development of anthropology, which, as a matter of fact, was a relatively late science. EarlierGreek and Roman philosophers were more interested in speculatingabout the ideal society rather than describing those known to them.What year did Barbara Miller publish Cultural Anthropology?Was it 1899 or 1999! According to her, what is the impression ofanthropology based on! How are anthropologists depicted! Prior to134 APPENDIX Athe 1850s what was the term anthropology used for! What is thelecturer39。swork Mirror for Man is considered one of the best introductions toanthropology. Cultural anthropology and the scientific study of humanculture will be discussed in more detail in our next lecture. The subfieldsof cultural anthropology are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography.Archaeology is the study of different cultures through materialsources rather than direct interviews or observations of the groupunder study. One example of a famous archaeological site discoveredin the past century was King Tut39。s Meadand ClydeKluckhohnKluckhohn. Did you write down the threesubfields of cultural anthropology that the speaker mentioned!They were archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography. To save time,you can check the spelling later. Note the mention of psychological anthropology. What is it concerned with! What are the relatedsubjects! Nowlet39。ll learn more about the Tasaday and the controversy surrounding them up to the present time.It is important to remember, however, that large societies, such asthose in Canada, the United States, India, or Egypt, are multiculturalor pluralist societies. They also tend to have many subcultures. Inthe long history of human life, multiculturalism is a fairly recent phenomenon. Those of us in multicultural environments must rememberthat discovering similarities among people from different cultures is asimportant as identifying differences. For example, in classrooms onjust about every university campus in the world, we find students frommany different social and ethnic backgrounds. What are some of theuniversals that you and other international students have all experienced in your earlier educational life?One mon universal is that all cultures use rewards and punishments to encourage correct behavior. Another example is that societieswithhold certain information from the young. This might includefaults in our leaders or sexual taboos. A third universal is the effort bythe controlling group in a culture to educate the young to strengthenand secure its dominant position. In the majority of contemporary societies this control is reached through political means in contrast tothe military actions of earlier times, such as the Roman Conquests andthe Moorish invasions.In closing this lecture on societies and culture, let me remind younot to forget the contributions of thoughts and actions of the individual person in a group. Note the observation of Edward Sapir, anotherfamous anthropologist: It is always the individual that really thinksand acts and dreams and revolts. Obviously the concept of culturewill be argued by anthropologists for years to e.The Concept of Culture: Understanding One AnothernB. Listening and Notetaking ScriptLet me begin the lecture today by asking, What exactly is culture?This question has been approached by anthropologists in many different ways. Murdock, for example, in Outline of World Cultures.produced what many have called the ultimate laundry list of thingscultural by naming 900odd categories of human behavior. I won39。s cult period.As the lecture continues you should get better at developing yourown system. It39。s behaviotin important ways.Rule 5: People in different societies