【正文】 famous anthropologist: It is always the individual that really thinksand acts and dreams and revolts. Obviously the concept of culturewill be argued by anthropologists for years to e.Let me repeat the words of Edward Sapiiithat39。s behaviotin important ways.Rule 5: People in different societies act they way they dobecause of the options their society offers them.And Rule 6: We must learn to get at the truth about the targetculture we are trying to understand. Books, mass media,people, and personal observation are all used in this process.Let39。ll learn more about the Tasaday and the controversy surrounding them up to the present time.It is important to remember, however, that large societies, such asthose in Canada, the United States, India, or Egypt, are multiculturalor pluralist societies. They also tend to have many subcultures. Inthe long history of human life, multiculturalism is a fairly recent phenomenon. Those of us in multicultural environments must rememberthat discovering similarities among people from different cultures is asimportant as identifying differences. For example, in classrooms onjust about every university campus in the world, we find students frommany different social and ethnic backgrounds. What are some of theuniversals that you and other international students have all experienced in your earlier educational life?One mon universal is that all cultures use rewards and punishments to encourage correct behavior. Another example is that societieswithhold certain information from the young. This might includefaults in our leaders or sexual taboos. A third universal is the effort bythe controlling group in a culture to educate the young to strengthenand secure its dominant position. In the majority of contemporary societies this control is reached through political means in contrast tothe military actions of earlier times, such as the Roman Conquests andthe Moorish invasions.In closing this lecture on societies and culture, let me remind younot to forget the contributions of thoughts and actions of the individual person in a group. Note the observation of Edward Sapir, anotherfamous anthropologist: It is always the individual that really thinksand acts and dreams and revolts. Obviously the concept of culturewill be argued by anthropologists for years to e.The Concept of Culture: Understanding One AnothernB. Listening and Notetaking ScriptLet me begin the lecture today by asking, What exactly is culture?This question has been approached by anthropologists in many different ways. Murdock, for example, in Outline of World Cultures.produced what many have called the ultimate laundry list of thingscultural by naming 900odd categories of human behavior. I won39。swork Mirror for Man is considered one of the best introductions toanthropology. Cultural anthropology and the scientific study of humanculture will be discussed in more detail in our next lecture. The subfieldsof cultural anthropology are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography.Archaeology is the study of different cultures through materialsources rather than direct interviews or observations of the groupunder study. One example of a famous archaeological site discoveredin the past century was King Tut39。s antbtopos. So what is the meaningof anthropology! Literally, it is the study of man. What was thename of the British philosopher! Did you get his full name! AlfredNorth Whitehead. What was his message about science! He said thelast thing to be discovered in any science is what it is really about.Is Paul Bohannan a physical or social anthropologist! You39。s work Mirror for Man is considered one of the best introductions to anthropology. Cultural anthropology and the scientificstudy of human culture will be discussed in more detail in our nextlecture. The subfields of cultural anthropology are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography.Archaeology is the study of different cultures through materialsources rather than direct interviews or observations of the groupunder study. One example of a famous archaeological site discoveredin the past century was King Tut39。s talk about cultural anthropology. This field is the studyof learned behavior in human societies. Most cultural anthropologistslimit themselves to a few geographic areas, for example, MargaretMead in Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn with theNavajo Indians in the Southwestern United States. I should mentionthat Kluckbohn39。ssee. The lecturer began with the Greek word for man. Did you getthe spelling of anthropos! It39。s talk about cultural anthropology. This field is the study oflearned behavior in human societies. Most cultural anthropologists limitthemselves to a few geographic areas, for example, Margaret Mead inSamoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn with the Navajo Indiansin the Southwestern United States. I should mention that Kluckhohn39。s behavior in important ways.Number 5: Understand that people generally act the way they dobecause they are exercising the options their society allows forsatisfying basic physical and psychological needs.And, finally, number 6: Develop the ability to evaluate the truth ofa generalization about the target culture and to locate and organizeAUDIOSCRIPTS 137Chapter 2information about the target culture from books, mass media, people, and personal observations.Culture and society must coexist. Without living together peoplecannot create a culture or way of life. If a group or society is small,isolated, and stable, it might also share a single culture. For example,think of the Tasaday, allegedly a Stone Age people in the Philippinerain forest, who were discovered by anthropologists back in 1971. Aside note is that due to their supposed isolation, they had no weaponsor known words in their language for enemy or wa