【正文】 gy used for! What is thelecturer39。s Meadand ClydeKluckhohnKluckhohn. Did you write down the threesubfields of cultural anthropology that the speaker mentioned!They were archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography. To save time,you can check the spelling later. Note the mention of psychological anthropology. What is it concerned with! What are the relatedsubjects! Nowlet39。s cult period.As the lecture continues you should get better at developing yourown system. It39。s 39。s hear more of the lecture.It is important to remember, however, that large societies such asthose in Canada, the United States, India, or Egypt, are multiculturalor pluralist societies. They also tend to have many subcultures. Inthe long history of human life, multiculturalism is a fairly recent phenomenon. Those of us in multicultural environments must rememberthat discovering similarities among people from different cultures is asimportant as identifying differences. For example, in classrooms onjust about every university campus in the world, we find students frommany different social and ethnic backgrounds. What are some of theuniversals that you and other international students have all experienced in your earlier educational life?One mon universal is that all cultures use rewards and punishments to encourage correct behavior. Another example is that societieswithhold certain information from the young. This might includefaults in our leaders or sexual taboos. A third universal is the effort bythe controlling group in a culture to educate the young to strengthenand secure its dominant position. In the majority of contemporarysocieties this control is reached through political means in contrast tothe military actions of earlier times, such as the Roman Conquests andthe Moorish invasions.The last topic was multicultural or pluralistic societies. Therewere several countries given as examples. Did you write themdown! They were Canada , the United States, India, and Egypt.Did you abbreviate the names! But after mentioning multiculturalism the lecturer discussed universalsin other words, thingsthat are mon to different people all over the world. What werethe three examples! First, she said we all use rewards and punishments to encourage correct behavior. The second universal wasthat we hold back certain information from our young people. Let39。s behavior in important ways.Number 5: Understand that people generally act the way they dobecause they are exercising the options their society allows forsatisfying basic physical and psychological needs.And, finally, number 6: Develop the ability to evaluate the truth ofa generalization about the target culture and to locate and organizeinformation about the target culture from books, mass media, people, and personal observations.In writing down the six points in your notes did you use abbreviations and omit many of the unnecessary structure words suchas the articles the, a or an? In the first rule did you write down thekey words : curiosity。tattempt to go into these at this time. Another less lengthy list is thefamous grocery list of Edward B. Tyler. He wrote, Cultureis that plex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals,custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as amember of society. But another definition of culture that many finduseful is, the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior. Obviously this definition leaves out much if we feel obligated to include allthe ways of life that have been evolved by people in every society.A particular culture, then, would mean the total shared way of lifeof a given group. This would include their ways of thinking, acting, andfeeling as reflected in their religion, iaw, language, art, and customs, aswell as concrete things such as houses, clothing, and tools. Culturalanthropology is the study of culturesliving and dead. In its totality,it includes linguistics, the study of speech forms, archaeology (thestudy of dead cultures), and ethnology, which is the study of living cultures or those that can be observed directly.Why study cultural anthropology? One reason noted by Ruth Benedict, another wellknown anthropologist, is that the story of humanityfrom the Stone Age to the present is such a fascinating one of culturalgrowth. Interestingly, every society has gone through three stages orsteps of cultural growth. These are savagery, barbarism, and finally,civilization. The last is, of course, to varying degrees.We are often reminded of another pelling reason to learn aboutdifferent culturesto learn and use a foreign language effectively. Mostof us realize that just knowing the language of another culture is notenough for meaningful munication. You can ask anyone who hastried to use their high school Spanish inside a Spanishspeaking country.Ned Seelye, in his 1993 book Teaching Culture, lists six skills tonurture and support intercultural munication:Number 1: Cultivate curiosity about another culture and empathytoward its members.Number 2: Recognize that different roles and other social variablessuch as age, sex, social class, religion, ethnicity, and place of residence affect the way people speak and behave.Number 3: Realize that effective munication requires discovering the culturally conditioned images of people when they think,act, and react to the world around them.Number 4: Recognize that situational variables and conventionsshape people39。s continue.After the onset of the Age of Exploration, which included the dis covery of the Americas, as wcll as travel to other distant places, thestudy of nonWestern people began in earnest. In modern day, anthropology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and severalbranches or subfields.The two broad fields are physical anthropolo