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圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險的) sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。/你和他有一個人是對的) Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 1表示一段時間或長度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數(shù)。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)用both…and…連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting. (這個消息令人興奮)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.④以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如:water, news, oil, population, information .英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。如:the Great Wall(長城)姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。(6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續(xù)),等等。 (2)動詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。如:Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個大城市)狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如in, on, from, above, behind.連詞(conj.): 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.動詞(v.): 表示動作或狀態(tài)。名詞(n.): 表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.代詞(pron.): 主要用來代替名詞。如:am, is, are, have, see .副詞(adv.): 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等。如and, but, before .感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如:He works hard .(他工作努力)賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當(dāng)。派生法:(1)派生名詞:①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese。(3)名詞→動詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。二、名詞:英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:(1)、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構(gòu)等的專用名稱。(2)、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下:①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.不規(guī)則變化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時,要用有關(guān)計量名詞。只在詞尾加’。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時謂語用單數(shù)形式。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長的一段距離)1主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時,謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時)正在湖邊玩耍) All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了) 但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù))Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs.(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))部分名詞用法辨析:sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別:sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動;match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音) fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時是不可數(shù)名詞。如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購物) Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他!)賓格用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語。 如:Both he and I are working at that puter pany.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒?) –You and me.(你和我) 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動名詞或者名詞性從句。如:This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時放在名詞的后面。反身代詞是一種表示反射或強調(diào)的代詞。如:Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會割傷你的)在句子中作同位語表示強調(diào)(即用來強調(diào)名詞或代詞的語氣)。關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。如:Have you found the bookwhich you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎?)關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。不定代詞:代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。如:They didn’t have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎?)any 用于肯定句時,意思是“任何的”。如:None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒有一個在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的) (3) all和both的用法:all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞;也可用來代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。)all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如:I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個之中隨便哪個都行) Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去?一個都不坐,我坐火車去。如:Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋果樹下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說話) You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊?)I want another four books.(我還要四本書)another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個時用the other,在原先基礎(chǔ)上增加用another。)(7) many和much的用法:many意思是“很多”,與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用;much意思是“很多”,與不可數(shù)名詞連用。 many / much用于肯定句時可以在前面加上so、: There are a lot of people on the playground.(操場上有許多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他們沒有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房間里人太多了。) Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點兒時間呢。如:Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門外有人。) He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書,我也是。如:A lot of people think that time is money.(許多的人認為時間就是金錢。如:No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(沒有人知道他是怎樣搞到那張票的) Nobody handed in his/theirposition(s) yesterday.(昨天沒有一個人交作文。each other表示兩者之間,而one anther表示許多人之間。)疑問代詞:用來提出問題的代詞稱為疑問代詞。如: Who is that man?(那男的是誰?) What colour are their hats?(他們的帽子是什么顏色?) Which car was made in Germany?(哪輛車是德國造的?)(被動句) 注意這個提問:The man