【正文】 t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型轉(zhuǎn)換)（9）學(xué)生們都應(yīng)該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our prehensive national strength has greatly improved. (動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)(4) I’m all for you opinion.我完全贊成你的意見(jiàn)。在語(yǔ)態(tài)方面，可以把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省譯名詞)3. 轉(zhuǎn)換法：指翻譯過(guò)程中為了使譯文符合目標(biāo)語(yǔ)的表述方式、方法和習(xí)慣而對(duì)原句中的詞類(lèi)、句型和語(yǔ)態(tài)等進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。增譯法的例句反之即可。Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增譯物主代詞）（5）只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。另外，在翻譯時(shí)還要注意增補(bǔ)一些原文中暗含而沒(méi)有明言的詞語(yǔ)和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語(yǔ)，以確保譯文意思的完整。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)需要增補(bǔ)物主代詞，而在英譯漢時(shí)又需要根據(jù)情況適當(dāng)?shù)貏h減。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。具體句型（定從、狀從、主從、賓從、表從、同位從、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、并列、比較、倒裝、插入、被動(dòng)、否定等）一、常用方法英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在句法、詞匯、修辭等方面均存在著很大的差異，因此在進(jìn)行英漢互譯時(shí)必然會(huì)遇到很多困難，需要有一定的翻譯技巧作指導(dǎo)。常用的翻譯技巧有增譯法、省譯法、轉(zhuǎn)換法、拆句法、合并法、正譯法、反譯法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重組法和綜合法等。漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句較多，而英語(yǔ)句子一般都要有主語(yǔ)，所以在翻譯漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句的時(shí)候，除了少數(shù)可用英語(yǔ)無(wú)主句、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或“There be…”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境補(bǔ)出主語(yǔ)，使句子完整。英語(yǔ)詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來(lái)表示，而漢語(yǔ)則往往通過(guò)上下文和語(yǔ)序來(lái)表示這種關(guān)系?？傊ㄟ^(guò)增譯，一是保證譯文語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the mon people were forbidden to light lamps. （增譯連詞）（6）這是我們兩國(guó)人民的又一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)。又如：(1)You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京訪問(wèn)期間就住在這家飯店里。具體的說(shuō)，就是在詞性方面，把名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為代詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞；把動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞；把形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞和短語(yǔ)。如：(1) 我們學(xué)院受教委和市政府的雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞）（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革開(kāi)放政策受到了全中國(guó)人民的擁護(hù)。All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞)4. 拆句法和合并法：這是兩種相對(duì)應(yīng)的翻譯方法。這樣就可以基本保留英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序，順譯全句，順應(yīng)現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)短句相替、單復(fù)句相間的句法修辭原則。（在定語(yǔ)從句前拆譯）（3） This is particularly true of the countries of the monwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the munity will take their interests into account英聯(lián)邦各國(guó)尤其如此，它們認(rèn)為英國(guó)加入歐共體，將能保證歐共體的政策照顧到它們的利益。所謂反譯則是指把句子按照與漢語(yǔ)相反的語(yǔ)序或表達(dá)方式譯成英語(yǔ)。In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正譯)In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反譯)（2） 你可以從因特網(wǎng)上獲得這一信息。She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正譯)She is anything but a bright student. (反譯)（6） Please withhold the document for the time being.請(qǐng)暫時(shí)扣下這份文件。 對(duì)于英語(yǔ)原文的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu), 我們一般采取下列的方法:1. 翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句英語(yǔ)原文的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)又可以進(jìn)一步分為幾種不同的情況。 other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.換言之, 礦物就是存在于地球上, 但須經(jīng)過(guò)挖掘、鉆孔、人工爆破或類(lèi)似作業(yè)才能獲得的物質(zhì)。例如: could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人會(huì)指出, 無(wú)線電廣播同樣也能做到這一點(diǎn), 但還是電視屏幕上的節(jié)目要生動(dòng)、真實(shí)得多。例如: right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反應(yīng)堆需要一種合適的燃料。 例如: efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.應(yīng)該盡最大努力告誡年輕人吸煙的危害, 特別是吸上煙癮后的可怕后果。例如: decision to attack was not taken lightly.進(jìn)攻的決定不是輕易做出的。2. 譯成漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)中的許多被動(dòng)句可以翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句。 light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.自然光或者“白光”實(shí)際上是由許多種顏色組成的。 the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (95年考題)工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來(lái)在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。下面擬談?wù)勑稳菰~的翻譯問(wèn)題。為了使譯文自然流暢，讀起來(lái)順口，在一些形容詞前可根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容加上