【正文】 eanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語。There are some 3,000 students in this school.I have read this article in some magazine.One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復，或者表示建議，請求等。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加smapmaps, seaseas, girlgirls, daydays2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加esclassclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishes3以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞變f和fe為v再加esleafleaves, thiefthieves, knifeknives, loafloaves, wifewives加sbeliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs, proofproofs, roofroofs, gulfgulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加espartyparties, familyfamilies, storystories, citycities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加stoytoys, boyboys, daydays, rayrays, HenryHenrys6以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加esheroheroes, NegroNegroes, potatopotatoes, tomatotomatoes不少外來詞加spianopianos, photophotos, autoautos, kilokilos, solosolos兩者皆可zerozeros/zeroes, volcanovolcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞加sradioradios, bamboobamboos, zoozoos8以th結(jié)尾的名詞加struthtruths, mouthmouths, monthmonths, pathpaths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice 2單復數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有復數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, passes, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù)people, police, cattle, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, mittee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人”加sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以man或woman結(jié)尾的改為men,womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)sonsinlaw, lookerson, passersby, storytellers, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)grownups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。二．冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。 Would you like some bananas?none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復數(shù)皆可以。 2) another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，復數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加er和est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級?，F(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。如：I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動作的結(jié)果時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時，如著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。4. 一般將來時的表達方式：常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are asked6過去進行時was/were being asked2一般過去時was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時have/has been asked3一般將來時shall/will be asked8過去完成時had been asked4過去將來時should/would be asked9將來完成時will/would have been asked5現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/may be asked注固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。 It is supposed that…It is reported that…七．情態(tài)動詞I. 情態(tài)動詞基本用法：情態(tài)動詞用法否定式疑問式與簡答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語中常用）可能性（表猜測，用于否定句或疑問句中）can not / cannot /can’t doCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’t domay可以（問句中表示請求）可能，或許（表推測）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not do May…do…? Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmight not doMight…do…? Yes,…mightNo,…might not.must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測）must not/mustn’t doMust…do…? Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’t have to.have to只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時態(tài)人稱變化）don’t have to doDo…h(huán)ave to do…?Yes,…do. No,…use(d)n’t.Did…use to do…?Yes,…did.He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。 it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實際上沒有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強，常用于疑問句和否定句中)III. 情態(tài)動詞注意點：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。2. used to和would: 其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do動名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesb’s doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系。區(qū)別舉例不定式多表示一個特定的具體的將來的動作，做主語時可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語，多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時3． 先行詞既指人又指物時5． 句中已經(jīng)有who或which時，為了避免重復時 told me everything that he knows. the books that you offered has been given out. is the best film that I have ever read. talked ab