【正文】 大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時(shí)可以和主語互換位置。區(qū)別舉例不定式多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來的動(dòng)作，做主語時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語的區(qū)別：notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系。常見動(dòng)詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系。動(dòng)名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesb’s doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語八．非謂語動(dòng)詞I. 非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非謂語前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問句。2. used to和would: Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。 it was so near.（推測(cè)某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問句和否定句中)III. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。must + do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing 推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。 No,…use(d)n’t.Did…use to do…?Yes,…did. No,…shan’t.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）本該（含有責(zé)備意味）should not/shouldn’t doShould…do…?will意愿，決心請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問句中would比較委婉will not/won’t doWill…do…?Yes,…will.七．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問式與簡(jiǎn)答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語中常用）可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定句或疑問句中）can not / cannot /can’t doCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’t domay可以（問句中表示請(qǐng)求）可能，或許（表推測(cè)）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not do May…do…? Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmight not doMight…do…? Yes,…mightNo,…might not.must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測(cè)）must not/mustn’t doMust…do…? Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’t have to.have to只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱變化）don’t have to doDo…h(huán)ave to do…?Yes,…do. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語沒有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 It is hoped that…下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. It is supposed that…It is reported that…如：It is believed that…固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。事常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are asked6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked2一般過去時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been asked3一般將來時(shí)shall/will be asked8過去完成時(shí)had been asked4過去將來時(shí)should/would be asked9將來完成時(shí)will/would have been asked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be asked注II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：4. 一般將來時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：I have read that 。如：I read the novel last month. (只說明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：I have already read the novel written by the worldfamous writer. (已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2) 一般過去時(shí)只表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“過”，“了”等詞?，F(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the more…the more…”句型。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加er和est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。 All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). 1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。 Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。 Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。 Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。Would you like some bananas?some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。 Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5學(xué)科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.二．冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。1. ’s所有格的構(gòu)成：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞在末尾加’sthe boy’s father, Jack’s book, her soninlaw’s photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加’the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’sthe children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’sJapan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法：１表示時(shí)間today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the co