【正文】 untry’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4表示工作群體the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the life’s time, the play’s plot7某些固定詞組a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無(wú)生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the firstyear students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。牛津初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法一．名詞I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞，可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加s或es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加smapmaps, seaseas, girlgirls, daydays2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加esclassclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishes3以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞變f和fe為v再加esleafleaves, thiefthieves, knifeknives, loafloaves, wifewives加sbeliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs, proofproofs, roofroofs, gulfgulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加espartyparties, familyfamilies, storystories, citycities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加stoytoys, boyboys, daydays, rayrays, HenryHenrys6以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加esheroheroes, NegroNegroes, potatopotatoes, tomatotomatoes不少外來(lái)詞加spianopianos, photophotos, autoautos, kilokilos, solosolos兩者皆可zerozeros/zeroes, volcanovolcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞加sradioradios, bamboobamboos, zoozoos8以th結(jié)尾的名詞加struthtruths, mouthmouths, monthmonths, pathpaths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, passes, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, mittee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國(guó)人”加sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以man或woman結(jié)尾的改為men,womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sonsinlaw, lookerson, passersby, storytellers, boy friends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grownups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。I. 不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于樂(lè)器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The pass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990’s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /三．代詞：I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問(wèn)代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1. one, some與any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。I have read this article in some magazine.There are some 3,000 students in this school.Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語(yǔ)。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eitherboth和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四．形容詞和副詞I. 形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible2以able, ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available,