【正文】 ons on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。新版“英語國家概況”精講筆記Chapter 1第一章Land and People英國的國土與人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分 names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：貝爾法斯特。他們還打造鐵器。The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。II. The AngloSaxons (446871)盎格魯—撒克遜人（公元446—871年）1． Basis of Modern English race: the AngloSaxons.盎格魯—薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎）In the mid5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.②Then the Saxons, users of the shortsword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. ③In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統(tǒng)治期從五世紀末至六世紀初。The AngloSaxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen (異教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the mon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.盎格魯—撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負責執(zhí)法。IV．Viking and Danish invasions北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。2．King Alfred (849899) and his contributions艾爾弗雷德國王（849899）和他所做出的貢獻Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He ①founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He ②reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He ③translated a Latin book into English. He also協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。V．The Norman Conquest (1066)諾曼征服（公元1066年）1．Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death.威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。2．The Norman Conquest and its consequences諾曼征服及其產生的影響。于是，封建制度在英國完全建立。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度①Under William, the feudal system in England was pletely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land39。③威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和物品。⑦英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接地主，而且要效忠于國王。 (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. (significance) Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the ① foundation of English liberties, it was a ②statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, ③a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a ④limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.《大憲章》是約翰國王1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。 origins of the English Parliament英國議會的起源The Great Council is known to be the prototype (原型) of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned （召集） the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice，not to make decisions. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.大議會是當今英國議會的原型。議會的最重要的部分是上議院。s desire to ③stop France from giving aid to Scots and ④ a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.The English39。弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國羊毛的主要進口商，但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國國王。但是最終被逐出法國The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之戰(zhàn)It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, the English king Henry Ⅴ was recognized as the French ，亨利5世登上法國王位。1348年夏天橫掃全英國。地主想把耕地變?yōu)槿肆π枨筝^少的牧場。Chapter 4第四章Transition to the Modern Age (14551688)向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡I. Transition to the Modern Age (14551485)向近代英國的過渡(1455年1485年)The Wars of Rose玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭The nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses.The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭是指，從1455年到1485年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭的普遍