【正文】 the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, determined on the basis of material properties (. , dead load )or load surveys (. , live load and snow load).該建筑代碼加載歷來(lái)給出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值，根據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)（如，恒載）或負(fù)載調(diào)查（如，活荷載和雪荷載）的基礎(chǔ)上確定。（3）混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收縮量則越大。（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues to develop over a period that may last for years.持續(xù)負(fù)荷下，塑性變形繼續(xù)發(fā)展一段時(shí)間，可能持續(xù)數(shù)年。(2)Highearlystrength and lowheat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.高早強(qiáng)和低熱水泥顯示超過(guò)普通硅酸鹽水泥收縮。(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage.骨料含量越大，收縮越小。(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load.與標(biāo)本中增加的壓力增大制成的蠕變相同強(qiáng)度混凝土和時(shí)間相同的負(fù)載與標(biāo)本中的壓力相同強(qiáng)度的混凝土，并與負(fù)荷增加同一時(shí)間作出蠕變?cè)黾?8)Creep is reduced with an increase in the humidity of the ambient air蠕變的減少是由于在周?chē)目諝鉂穸仍黾?9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.蠕變是一個(gè)經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)試的試件尺寸增大而減小. (10)Hightemperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.高溫蒸汽作為增塑劑正確使用混凝土養(yǎng)護(hù)將減少蠕變量.Translate the following sentence into English.（1）如果通過(guò)蒸發(fā)失去水分，混凝土就會(huì)收縮，但在水中硬化則會(huì)膨脹。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. （4）混凝土不是熱的良導(dǎo)體，而鋼筋是。(2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(嚴(yán)格來(lái)講), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(隨機(jī)分析) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依賴).由于載荷的隨機(jī)變化是時(shí)間的函數(shù)以及一系列其他因素，造型數(shù)量，嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，應(yīng)考慮到利用隨機(jī)分析，以反映時(shí)間和空間互相依賴。(6)There are many types of loads that may act on a building structure at one time or other, and this section provides a general description(一般說(shuō)明) of the characteristics of the most important ones.有許多類(lèi)型的負(fù)載，可能對(duì)建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)法在同一時(shí)間或其他，本節(jié)提供了一種通用的描述的最重要的特點(diǎn)。 the maximum lifetime(50year) live load may be a certain amount larger. 在任意時(shí)刻結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載一般是低于規(guī)范值的，（根據(jù)）最高壽命（50年）（確定的）活荷載可能有一定數(shù)量的擴(kuò)大。Wind loads and snow loads are determined on the basis of model tests.(4)特殊荷載及荷載效應(yīng)包括溫度變化、結(jié)構(gòu)地基沉降、沖擊和爆炸的影響。(3)Beyond this limit the steel flows plastically without any increase in stress until the strainhardening strain εst is reached.超過(guò)這個(gè)極限，剛的塑性流變不增加任何應(yīng)力,直到達(dá)到應(yīng)變硬化的εst值。(7)Perhaps the most generally accepted theory of twodimensional yielding under biaxial stresses is the maximum distortion energy theory.或許大多數(shù)普遍接受的在雙軸應(yīng)力下的二維屈服理論是最大的變形能量理論。Translate the following sentence into English.(1)通常認(rèn)為單向拉伸確定的屈服應(yīng)力Fy單向壓縮也正確。Structural steel does not always exhibit a ductile behavior, and under some circumstances sudden and catastrophic fracture may occur, even though the nominal tensile stresses are low.（5）結(jié)構(gòu)剛的延性取決于鋼材的組成、熱處理方法和鋼材的厚度，并且隨溫度和應(yīng)變率的變化而變化。ofdesignsbasedassumptions,byvariousresultedthehand,thesehadappreciatedontensionoforimportantathethethemain這種三維結(jié)構(gòu)的重要特點(diǎn)是橫向建筑深入?yún)⑴c了縱向主結(jié)構(gòu)的工作cablestayedanddecadesohaveplacesystems.6 Inconventionalstringers,mainassuperstructuresfor在傳統(tǒng)形式的上部結(jié)構(gòu)中，板、縱梁、橫梁以及主梁被視為獨(dú)立工作。mainthisintegralstiffeningorruntopsanchorstiffeningModerngirders,andbracings,decksuchpressioninfact,allroadwayofintheThisofthein 10 Staysmannerfullyalargedeckcouldthewhich.這種拉索不能充分拉緊，而處于松弛狀態(tài)的拉索在參與承擔(dān)所期望的受拉荷載之前允許橋面板產(chǎn)生很大變形applicationopenedpracticallythethesesystemsstaticalthreeandcablestayedonlyintroductionorthotropicofprogress3 Existingusefulfabrication,ofthebridgesencounteredarebeenLESSON 15英譯漢1 Whereplacedmust當(dāng)新混凝土澆筑在老混凝土上時(shí)，必須建立良好的結(jié)合面。ismusticeproperlyoil.becarpenters,andifconduitembedded,formresetorthethatjointsstoppagedelaysandwithapproved此外，檢驗(yàn)員還得確保由于混凝土供應(yīng)停止、下雨以及其他延誤導(dǎo)致的緊急施工縫合理定位，并且程序要符合規(guī)范規(guī)定或者工程人員認(rèn)可。waterplanesdeposited.thesuchhardened,throughpasshorizontalfloorrisesweakthe8 9 Theconcretefrommixingand從攪拌站到最終的澆筑，必須控制新鮮混凝土的溫度，澆注之后必須保護(hù)其溫度。rebarsplace,bearwillplacing2檢驗(yàn)員還必須確?；炷吝\(yùn)送、澆筑和抹光程序按事先要求進(jìn)行，避免混凝土離析。alsoplacing,thatonto(revibration),underisremendationforpleteisprotectedattains否則，游離的石頭就會(huì)聚集在底部，從而形成蜂窩。andconcretewithinlooseatinhoneyb5 When the structure for a midrise