【正文】 or 。3. The contractual agreements play an important role in the utilization of union or nonunion labor, the use of subcontractors and the degree of field supervision, all of which will impact jobsite labor ，使用分包商和現(xiàn)場監(jiān)督程度中發(fā)揮重要的作用，所有這些都將影響現(xiàn)場勞動生產(chǎn)率。因此，現(xiàn)場管理人員和施工規(guī)劃師必須熟悉施工中最常用的主要設(shè)備的特點。The period of time to which the management of a firm or agency wishes to look ahead is referred to as the planning horizon.Once the management has mitted funds to a specific project, it must forgo other investment opportunities which might have been undertaken by using the same funds.The opportunity cost reflects the return that can be earned from the best alternative investment opportunity foregone.必考The MARR is used for pounding the estimated cash flows to the end of the planning horizon, or for discounting the cash flow to the present.The profitability is measured by the net future value(NFV) which is the bet return at the end of the planning horizon above what might have been gained by investing elsewhere at the MARR.The net present value(NPV) of the estimated cash flows over the planning horizon is the discounted value of the NFV to the present.The equivalent uniform annual cast(EUAC) can be obtained by multiplying the present value of costs by an appropriate capital recovery factor.It is sometimes referred to as the savingstoinvestment radio(SIR) when the benefits are derived from the reduction of undesirable effects.For cash flows with two or more (sign reversals) of the cash flows in any period, there may exist multiple values of IRR。 and (iv) improving their assessment of risk.WordsInternational Competitive Bidding(ICB) 競爭性國際招標(biāo)Translation1. The basis for bid evaluation（評標(biāo)） and selection of the lowest evaluated bid（最低評標(biāo)價） shall be clearly outlined in the instructions to bidders（投標(biāo)須知） and/or the specifications（技術(shù)規(guī)范）.評標(biāo)和選擇最低評標(biāo)價的基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)在投標(biāo)須知和（或）技術(shù)規(guī)范中明確概述。5. For works or plex supply contracts, particularly for those requiring refurbishing existing works or equipment, a prebid conference ma be arranged whereby potential bidders may meet with the Borrower representatives to seek ，特別是那些需要翻新現(xiàn)有工程或設(shè)備的合同，可能會安排標(biāo)前會議，讓潛在的投標(biāo)人與借款人代表會面以尋求澄清。 Total float.The activity diagrams shown in the previous section were topological networks in that only the relationship between nodes and branches were of interest.In timescaled network diagrams, activities on the network are plotted on a horizontal axis measuring the time since project mencement.Another useful graphical representation tool is a bar or Gantt chart illustrating the scheduled time for each activity.The bar chart lists activities and shows their scheduled start, finish and duration.The small “v” marks on each activity represent the current state of each activity.For planning purposes, bar charts are not as useful since they do not indicate the precedence relationships among activities.Other graphical representations are also useful in project monitoring. Time and activity graphs are extremely useful in portraying the current status of a project as well as the existence of activity float. For example, Figure 94 shows two possible schedules for the nine activity project described and shown in the previous figures. The first schedule would occur if each activity was scheduled at its earliest start time, ES( i, j) consistent with pletion of the project in the minimum possible time.（全選）The horizontal time difference between the two feasible schedules gives an indication of the extent of possible float.Two simple approaches to dealing with the uncertainty: First, the uncertainty in activity durations may simply be ignored and scheduling done using the expected or most likely time duration for each activity. A second simple approach to incorporation uncertainty also deserves mention. Many managers recognize that the use of expected durations may result in overly optimistic schedules, so they include a contingency allowance in their estimate of activity durations.（注意是simple）While this simple approach might be defended, it has two drawbacks. First, the use of expected activity durations typically results in overly optimistic schedules for pletion。Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and execution of construction projects.It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks. A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work. （全選）In developing a construction plan, it is mon to adopt a primary emphasis on either cost control or on schedule control as illustrated in Figure 81.（選擇）The scheduling problem is to determine an appropriate set of activity start time, resource allocations and pletion times that will result in pletion of the project in a timely and efficient fashion.This detailed task breakdown of the activity “clean concrete forms” would not generally be done in standard construction planning, but it is essential in the process of programming or designing a robot to undertake this activity since the various specific tasks must be well defined for a root implementation.（問答題，需改動）