【正文】 . 在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中，由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段，貨物的買與賣是分別進(jìn)行的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer. An offer is considered open until after a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.5. 還盤是對(duì)發(fā)盤的拒絕，一旦作出還盤，原報(bào)盤即失效而失去約束力。 Contract is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make pensation.2. 口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話進(jìn)行的商談。In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake. 3. 進(jìn)口商可以通過可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣給新的買方，這類可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來非常方便。Visible trade involves import and export of goods while invisible trade involves the exchange of services between countries.5. 國(guó)家從事的貿(mào)易種類是多樣的、復(fù)雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無形貿(mào)易的混合。The theory of parative advantage has bee the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.Lesson 6 1. 一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減少。In the plex economic world, no country can be pletely selfsufficient.2. 隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素，即國(guó)際專業(yè)化。While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud voices of opposition.4. 跨國(guó)公司的內(nèi)部交換占整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一個(gè)很大的比例。當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席，分別為澳大利亞、美國(guó)、加拿大、日本、朝鮮、新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.2. 最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國(guó)、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its ine level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國(guó)家，中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家。International business first took the form of modity trade, . exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.，國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries, it involves more factors and thus is more plicated than domestic business.2．隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。Besides trade and investment, licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market.Lesson 2 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念。Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of highine, middleine and lowine economies.中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為1100美元以上，但幾年前它還是個(gè)低收入國(guó)家。The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it was formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.3. 經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收、政府開支、企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)使用同一的貨幣。APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries.Lesson 4 1. 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新的動(dòng)力和機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴、相互影響。IntraMNE transactions constitute a very significant proportion of total international trade.5. 盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國(guó)企業(yè)的子公司，但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司目標(biāo)和新投資等都由母公司來決定。With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, . international specialization.3. 按照比較利益學(xué)說，兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。The cost will decrease if the goods are produced on a large scale.2. 在實(shí)際中，即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利，也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and plex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.Lesson 7 1. 包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable for shipping documents which are very convenient for use.4. 在所有條款中，買賣雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在10項(xiàng)標(biāo)題下。Oral negotiation refers to direct discussions or business discussions through international trunk calls.3. 買方發(fā)出的詢盤是為了獲得擬定購商品的有關(guān)信息，它對(duì)發(fā)出詢盤的人無約束力。It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counteroffer is made.Lesson 9 1. 對(duì)銷貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國(guó)家的政策目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的，如應(yīng)對(duì)匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類的問題。In normal market transactions Buying and selling of goods are unbundled, Because of the use of money and the market.5. 盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。 Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.3．許多國(guó)際交易是通過匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods.2. 信用證付款方式對(duì)買賣雙方都提供保障。Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language, and stipulations.Lesson 12 *