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等級(jí),原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)。聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞常跟形容詞作表語。One the ……other “一個(gè)……,另一個(gè)……”指兩者中的另一個(gè)。None“沒有”表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介詞of.如:we are all from canada=all of us from canada.None of us is/are afraid of dogs(單,復(fù)數(shù)均可)(4)both“兩者”都,作主語時(shí),看作復(fù)數(shù),作定語時(shí),后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。注意:some有時(shí)也可用于表示請(qǐng)求的疑問句中。如:you,she and I all enjoy the music.反身代詞可做賓語,表語或同位語,復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)掌握一些固定的結(jié)構(gòu)。注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。In the thirties 在30年代 in his fifties 在他50多歲時(shí)序數(shù)詞(1)基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞,其規(guī)律為:①3特殊記,從4起加“th”(first/second/third/fourth)②8少t,9去e,一定要牢記(eighth,ninth)③逢5逢12,ve變f(fifth/twelfth)④20到90,y要變ie(twentieth/ninetieth)⑤若是幾十幾,前基后序別倒位(ninetyfirst)(2)序數(shù)詞前一般要用定冠詞“the”。(3)十位數(shù)與個(gè)位數(shù)之間要用連字符“”,百位數(shù)和十位數(shù)之間要用and.Thirtyfive three hundred and sixtyfive(365)(4)hundred,thousand,million在構(gòu)成具體的數(shù)字時(shí)用單數(shù)形式?;鶖?shù)詞(1)1319都是以后teen結(jié)尾。In front of(在…前面) in the front of (在…范圍內(nèi)的前面) in hospital(住院) in the hospital(在醫(yī)院里)1a number of……許多,句中的動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如:I can play the piano11用于集合名詞前指一整體,用于形容詞和分詞前指一類人。如:the browns are going to shanghai for a holiday this summer.在介詞短語中常用定冠詞the.如:in the box/behind the chair指雙方都能體會(huì)到的或心中有數(shù)的人或事物。如:luck and lily,s room露西和莉莉的房間掌握詞組:a friend of mine 我的一個(gè)朋友 a girl of five 一個(gè)五歲的女孩二、冠 詞冠詞是一種不能單獨(dú)使用的虛詞,只能附在一個(gè)名詞上,輔助說明這個(gè)名詞的含義,冠詞包括不定冠詞a/an和定冠詞the.不定冠詞an常用于以元音發(fā)音開頭的單詞前。常用a piece of/a cup of等來修飾不可數(shù)名詞的量。不可數(shù)名詞常見的不可數(shù)名詞有:water rice fish meat等。如:several hundred police were on duty.幾百個(gè)警察在執(zhí)勤??蓴?shù)名詞可用a/an修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),在元音音素開頭的單詞前用an.如:a job a worker an apple an Englishman復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法:(1)一般在可數(shù)名詞后加s,如:dogdogs(2)以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es,如:watchwatches,classclasses,boxboxes(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es,如:countrycountries,注意:daydays boyboys monkeymonkeys元音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞直接加s.(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,只有potato,tomato,hero,negro加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。注意:radioradios photophotos zoozoos pianopianos(5)以f fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f/fe為v再加es。My clothes are newer than yours.我的衣服比你的新。特別記憶:medicine news work homework housework money chalk weather cotton wood等。如要表示“兩片面包”這樣的意義,bread為不可數(shù)名詞,不加s,而piece則加s,即tow pieces of bread.注意:three boxes of apples可數(shù)名詞Three bottles of water不可數(shù)名詞例如:these two pieces of bread are over these.名詞的格名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法,在名詞的后加“,s”,譯為(…的).如:tomtom,s(湯姆的)若遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則在s后加“,”即可。例如:an hour/an english book注意:a useful machine ,a university中的劃線字母u發(fā)/ju:/音,而不是/∧/音。如:close the door,please.8用于表示自然現(xiàn)象的名詞前。如:the people (人民)the dead (死去的人們)the dying (垂死的人們)the wounded(負(fù)傷的人們)。如:in summer/in august.注意:in the spring of 2002(這里表示特指,所以加the).(2)一日三餐和球類運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱前不用冠詞。The number of……的數(shù)量,句中的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),與the population用法相同。注意:tirteen fifteen eighteen的拼寫。如:five hundred people/two thousand/eight million.只有在表達(dá)籠統(tǒng)的復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)才加s,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式。The sixtieth day.注意:we,ll have to do it a tird ,已做過兩次了)如序數(shù)詞前用不定冠詞“a/an”時(shí),不表示在具體范圍內(nèi)的“第幾…”,表示沒有范圍的“又一…”(3)分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法:分子是基數(shù)詞,分母是序數(shù)詞,如果用作分子的基數(shù)詞大于1時(shí),用作分母的序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:three books aren,t are new.(這里ours=our books)This is not our room,ours is over there(這里ours=our room)。Enjoy oneself=have a good time(過得很愉快)By oneself=alone(單獨(dú),獨(dú)自)Help oneself to……(隨便吃/喝/使用)Learn sth .by oneself=teach oneself sth.(自學(xué))修飾可數(shù)名詞(many/few表示否定意義/a few表示肯定意義)修飾不可數(shù)名詞(much/little表示否定意義/a little表示肯定意義)注意:few和little與quite或only連用時(shí),常加不定冠詞a.如:there are quite a few new books in the library.當(dāng)不定冠詞something,,形容詞常后置。如:will you give me some water?May I ask some qusetions?(2)every+單數(shù)名詞(每一個(gè))強(qiáng)調(diào)共性,作定語,形式上為單數(shù)。Either “兩者中任何一個(gè)”,作主語時(shí),謂語用第三人稱單數(shù),作定語時(shí),后跟名詞單數(shù)。Other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=the others指剩下的那些。常用的聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞有:be,bee,turn,get,go,grow,look,seem,feel,remain,sound,smell,taste等。(1)絕大多數(shù)單音節(jié)詞和部分特殊的雙音節(jié)詞(主要是以輔音節(jié)字母+y結(jié)尾的詞,以ow結(jié)尾的詞,以er結(jié)尾的詞,以le結(jié)尾的詞)加er構(gòu)成比較級(jí),加est構(gòu)成最高級(jí)。(2)not as(so)……as 和……不一樣(中間用原級(jí))例如:he is not so tall as you 他不如你高。In/of/among或用從句修飾的。例如:you did much better in the final exam than I did.Today is even colder than yesterday.在比較級(jí)中為了避免重復(fù),在than后常用one/that/those等 詞來代替前面提到過的名詞。如:big enough,1too much和much too的用法。例如:we are very interested in the interesting story.1too……to和enough的用法。Look after 照顧 look for(尋找) take care of(照顧某人) worry about(擔(dān)心…)play with…(玩…) get on/off(上/下車)turn on/off (開/關(guān)) turn up/down (開大/關(guān)小)表示時(shí)間的介詞(1)in/on/atIn+時(shí)間段(表示早上、下午、晚上、周、月、季、年、世紀(jì)或人生的某個(gè)時(shí)期)例如:in 1999,in juanuary,in summer.固定詞組:In the morning,in a week,in a minute,in time,in the end.On+具體的某日或某日的早、午、晚等。He e back after two 。On the +方位詞+of+接壤的地區(qū)。Except+賓格/doing sth.例如:He went besides me .除了我以外,他也去了。例如:A book about a little 。并列連詞Both…and 既…又…(謂語用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞)Neither…nor 既不…也不(謂語動(dòng)詞由靠近他的那個(gè)主語來決定單復(fù)數(shù))。例如:Study hard,or you won′t pass the exam.=if you study hard,and you′ll pass exam.=if you don′t study hard,you won′t pass the exam.祈使句+and+陳述句,前后是統(tǒng)一的。例如:We have not met each other since she left here last year.3)while(當(dāng)…時(shí)候,一邊…一邊),引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如:Bob is so tall that he can almost reach the ceiling.He ran so quickily that we couldn′t keep up with him.There was so little water left that only small children and patients were given some.注意:such a nice city=so nice a city七、動(dòng) 詞一、聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞(1)表示狀態(tài)的詞:be/seem/appear/look/sound/feel/taste/smell/keep/remain等。Be able to可用于將來時(shí)和完成時(shí)。例如:You may be right. May be you are right.(3)must:必須,一定。例如:Her mother is ill,she has to stay at home and take care of her.You must look after your mother.(4)could比can 語氣更婉轉(zhuǎn),客氣,并不表示過去時(shí)。Will you …? Will用于主語是第二人稱的疑問句中表示請(qǐng)求。(3)助動(dòng)詞do用于構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句。例如:only then did I realize 。例如:turn on the radio. Turn it on.(3)行為動(dòng)詞的幾種變化形式:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:Enjoy(原型)enjoys(第三人稱單數(shù))enjoyed(過去式)enjoyed(過去分詞)enjoying(現(xiàn)在分詞)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:AAA型:putputput bitbitbit readreadreadAAB型:beatbeatbeaten.ABA型:ecamee runranrunABB型:bringbroughtbrought buyboughtboughtDig dugdug feedfedfed feelfeltfeltABC型:beginbeganbegun blowblewblownWearworeworn情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及助動(dòng)詞:cancould/maymight/shallshould/Willwould/(4)現(xiàn)在分詞的變化方法直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ing workworking dodoing 以e結(jié)尾的去e加ing, writewriting likeliking重讀閉音節(jié)雙寫最后的輔音字母加ing,swin