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文論文題目: 員工忠誠問題研究 學(xué)科、專業(yè) : 企業(yè)管理 碩 士 生: 王 曉 莉 指導(dǎo)教師: 宋晶 副教授 答辯日期: 2003年12月 內(nèi) 容 摘 要現(xiàn)代人力資本理論認(rèn)為企業(yè)擁有的員工是其最重要的財(cái)富來源,而企業(yè)和員工之間建立和保持良好的合作關(guān)系是員工為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的前提,即企業(yè)對員工承擔(dān)責(zé)任、員工對企業(yè)付出忠誠。現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的員工忠誠是指身處于以信用和自由為特征的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中的企業(yè)員工對自主選擇的企業(yè)所做出的守諾有信行為,它既表現(xiàn)為員工的道德操守,又體現(xiàn)了企業(yè)與員工的契約關(guān)系。忠誠的員工對于企業(yè)往往意味著更高的利潤和生產(chǎn)率,更加完美的品牌和社會(huì)形象以及更加穩(wěn)固的客戶資源,因此意味著更大的收益。員工忠誠根據(jù)其產(chǎn)生的原因可分為低層次忠誠和高層次忠誠,兩種層次忠誠的形成原因分別對應(yīng)企業(yè)為員工提供的保健因素和激勵(lì)因素,因此培養(yǎng)和提高員工忠誠就要從這兩方面入手。關(guān)鍵詞:忠誠、員工忠誠、保健因素、激勵(lì)因素68 / 75AbstractFrom the perspective of human capital theory, the employees are not only the most profitable capital in the enterprises, but also the source of profit. However, the enterprises could obtain these benefits only on condition that the stable cooperative relationship between the employees and their enterprises has been founded. On the basic principles of economic theories and the practices in the enterprise management, this paper discusses the definition, value and measurement of the employee loyalty of the modern enterprise and puts forward the ways in which the enterprises can build and improve the loyalty coefficient.The understanding of loyalty has been in the Chinese traditional culture and the Western philosophy for a long time, and they both praise it highly. Corresponding to the traditional perspective of loyalty, the employee loyalty of the modern enterprise is a kind of loyalty that can be looked as a contract between employees and their employers. It is not only a sort of personal virtue, but also a part of the modern enterprise spirits. It is a kind of behavior that in the free market, which is characterized with freedom and credit,employees keep their promises which they have made with their enterprises.Traditional economists believe that in the scope of society the resources flow more freely, it can be located more effectively and efficiently. The human resources are not the exception, either. However, the latest positive and empirical analyses show that the loyal employees can bring the core petitiveness to their enterprises. The loyalty, which can cause the increase of profit and productivity and the decrease of cost, drives financial success. It also can make positive effects on the stability of customers and investors. This paper discusses three models of the employee loyalty: the Game Model, the Economic Value Model and the ExitVoice Model, in order to analyze the value of it and prove that the enterprises can benefit from the loyal employees generally and especially in the tough times.The first step of the management based on the employee loyalty is to measure it scientifically and accurately. There are two kinds of measurements: the quantitative measurement and the qualitative measurement. This paper introduces and analyzes these two measurements and sets up the Employee Measurement System, which integrates the two different measurements and can display the human resources and the employee loyalty of the enterprise prehensively and objectively.The employee loyalty can be divided into two levels: the lowlevel loyalty and the highlevel loyalty. According to the TwoFactor Theory, the lowlevel loyalty is based on the hygiene factor and the highlevel loyalty is founded on the motivation factor. Suggestions are presented to cultivate and consolidate both the lowlevel loyalty and the highlevel loyalty, such as redesigning the human resources management system and building the munity of benefit and emotion with employees. Finally, special suggestions are raised for the enterprises in China.Key words: Loyalty, Employee loyalty, Hygiene factor, Motivation factor目 錄1 員工忠誠的含義 1 中國傳統(tǒng)文化中的忠誠 1 西方哲學(xué)中的忠誠 2 現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的員工忠誠 32 員工忠誠的價(jià)值 6 員工忠誠的協(xié)調(diào)博弈模型 7 員工忠誠的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值模型 8 員工忠誠的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值模型 8 員工忠誠提高生產(chǎn)效率 10 員工忠誠的系統(tǒng)效應(yīng) 13 忠誠的退出呼吁模型 14 松弛與退出、呼吁 15 忠誠的作用 16 忠誠行為模型 173 員工忠誠的度量 20 比率法 20 總流動(dòng)率 20 員工留存率及損耗率 21 用員工流動(dòng)率進(jìn)行外部比較 23 調(diào)查表檢測法 23 員工測量體系 24 員工平衡表 24 員工價(jià)值流報(bào)告表 254 培養(yǎng)和提高員工忠誠度的對策分析 28 影響員工忠誠的因素 29 培養(yǎng)和提高員工忠誠度的對策 31 培養(yǎng)和提高低層次員工忠誠的對策 31 培養(yǎng)和提高高層次員工忠誠的對策 38 培養(yǎng)和提高我國企業(yè)員工忠誠度的建議 46 我國企業(yè)的員工忠誠現(xiàn)狀 47 對培養(yǎng)和提高我國企業(yè)員工忠誠度的建議 505 結(jié)束語 54附錄 員工忠誠嚴(yán)格檢測調(diào)查表 56參 考 文 獻(xiàn) 59后 記 63員工忠誠問題研究馬克斯員工忠誠是經(jīng)濟(jì)倫理范疇內(nèi)的概念之一,但是長期以來經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中對它的探討并不深入。中國早在幾千年前就有了對忠誠的定義和推崇。首先,它弘揚(yáng)高尚的情操,推崇為社會(huì)正義而獻(xiàn)身??鬃诱f:“君使臣以禮,臣事君以忠?!保ā睹献印币簿褪浅Q运f的“良禽擇木而棲,良臣擇主而事”。西方哲學(xué)中有關(guān)“忠誠”這個(gè)題目的理智準(zhǔn)則,當(dāng)推1908年成書的《忠的哲學(xué)》,作者是哈佛大學(xué)哲學(xué)教授喬西亞在他看來,忠誠自有一個(gè)等級(jí)體系,也分檔次類別。由于商業(yè)關(guān)系屬于過渡性的、競爭性的、自私自利的,人們便認(rèn)為它不配享有忠誠待遇。 現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的員工忠誠現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的員工忠誠是一種平等交往中的契約性忠誠 高兆明、管華:《論企業(yè)忠誠及其道德限度》,《浙江社會(huì)科學(xué)》。企業(yè)忠誠問題的提出并不僅僅是一般日常生活的守諾、忠誠在企業(yè)活動(dòng)中的簡單延伸,而是緣起于市場經(jīng)濟(jì)本身的內(nèi)在特質(zhì)。作為契約經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的信任或信用,既是一種客觀的關(guān)系,又是一種主觀的精神操守。在信任、信用意義上的忠誠是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)主體的基本精神氣質(zhì)。同時(shí),他又在另一本著作《道德情操論》中贊美人們的同情心和道德。在斯密那里,作為市場經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的承擔(dān)者的并不僅僅是通常所以為的“經(jīng)濟(jì)人”,而是具有特定精神氣質(zhì)、特定道德觀念的現(xiàn)實(shí)主體。斯密:《道德情操論》,商務(wù)印書館,1997年版。其二,在主觀方面揭示了市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的形成與發(fā)展必須具有一種相應(yīng)的精神資質(zhì)。如果說斯密的“同情”也確是指一種情感的話,那么,它就是設(shè)身處地心理換位中包含著的平等的自由之情感。斯密:《道德情操論》,商務(wù)印書館,1997年版。當(dāng)一個(gè)人選擇了某個(gè)企業(yè)及其職位,就同時(shí)意味著接受了這個(gè)企業(yè)及其職位的具體要求,并對具體職責(zé)做出了承諾,且這種選擇與承諾均是在自愿意義上做出的。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一般認(rèn)為,資源是流動(dòng)的,會(huì)快速由一個(gè)企業(yè)流向另一個(gè)企業(yè)、由一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)移到另一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè),以追求最大利益?!叭敉顿Y人或員工對企業(yè)或產(chǎn)業(yè)的忠誠度越高,它的競爭優(yōu)勢也越大,進(jìn)而與鉆石體系 鉆石體系:邁克爾波特:《國家競爭優(yōu)勢》,108109頁,華夏出版社,2002年1月。解雇員工可以節(jié)省費(fèi)用,這非常直接,可是員工忠誠程度下降以后在現(xiàn)金流上最終會(huì)造成什么樣的后果,就不那么清楚了。事實(shí)上,員工流動(dòng)及調(diào)換在現(xiàn)金流上的真正后果遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了大部分經(jīng)理的直覺估計(jì)。以下本文將根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及人力資本理論的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,通過協(xié)調(diào)博弈模型、經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值模型和退出—呼吁模型三個(gè)方面來論證員工忠誠對企業(yè)的價(jià)值所在。他們的策略空間是:{1,2},1代表低的忠誠或努力,2代表高的忠誠或努力。此時(shí),博弈的支付(收益)函數(shù)是一個(gè)期望值,是長期博弈的結(jié)果,人們可以理性地預(yù)期支付函數(shù)及其變化。對局人i從消費(fèi)Ci和努力Ei中得到的收益函數(shù)是:Пi=2Ci -Ei ,i=1,2其中,Ci = min(E1,E2),且Ei∈{1,2}這里,Пi代表對局人i的收益(支付)函數(shù)。這里存在多個(gè)納什均衡點(diǎn):{1,1}和{2,2},這些結(jié)果構(gòu)成一個(gè)帕累托序列。因?yàn)榫推鋮f(xié)調(diào)博弈的特征來看,只有雙方都處在同一個(gè)位置時(shí),才會(huì)出現(xiàn)帕累托效率改進(jìn)的均衡結(jié)果。Y 1 2X12(1,1)(1,0)(0,1)(2,2)圖21 員工忠誠價(jià)值的協(xié)調(diào)博弈矩陣參見:李新春:《信任、忠誠與家族主義困境》,《管理世界》。 Company)通過對各類行業(yè)十多年的研究開發(fā)出了一個(gè)通用的員工忠誠經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值模型,涵蓋了同員工忠誠相關(guān)的七種經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。另外還必須注意的是,假如一位業(yè)績突出的長期員工調(diào)走了,企業(yè)必須錄用三個(gè)新手才能予以彌補(bǔ)。培訓(xùn)期間照付工資,因而企業(yè)幾乎沒有收益。⑶效率。不過同樣重要的是:不能忘記“效益是人們?nèi)绾温斆鞯毓ぷ髋c如何勤奮地工作的乘積”。富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技能的老員工往往比新手更容易吸引新的顧客,會(huì)更有效地發(fā)現(xiàn)并發(fā)展好的顧客。長期的員工往往能帶來高度忠誠的顧客。 ⑹向顧客推薦企業(yè)。忠誠的長期員工往往可以帶來源源不斷的高質(zhì)量的