【正文】 y is created and how the new meaning is produced though their interpretations are not perfect. Recently, another theory appeared—Conceptual Integration Theory or Blending Theory. Comparatively speaking, it is more convincing on the mechanism of metaphor than the other two.(以下省略，此部分字?jǐn)?shù)最少不少于300字)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………一級(jí)標(biāo)題單獨(dú)起頁(yè)、Times New Roman三號(hào)、頂格加粗、下空小四一行一級(jí)標(biāo)題標(biāo)題上面小三Times New Roman空三行，單倍行距二級(jí)標(biāo)題、Times New Roman四號(hào)、頂格加粗、下不空行II. A Historical Retrospection of Metaphor Aristotelian School: MetaphorA Device of Rhetoric Andrew Ortony, one of the most influential writers on metaphor, has pointed out, and there are few who would disagree with him, that it is still the case that “Any serious study of metaphor is almost obliged to start with the works of Aristotle” (Ortony 3).（此處指引文來(lái)源：作者 頁(yè)碼）In Poetics, Aristotle expounds the essence, function and the way of explanation of metaphor as three nuclei. He defines metaphor as “the application of an alien name by transference either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy, that is, proportion”(Aristotle 71). Then he gives four kinds of metaphor:引文：前縮進(jìn)10個(gè)字母、后不縮進(jìn)、上下各空1行Since ‘lying at anchor’ is a species of the genus ‘lying’, one can say ‘there lies my ship’ (genustospecies metaphor), since ‘ten thousand’ is a species of a ‘large number’, one can say verily ten thousand noble deeds hath Odysseus wrought (speciestogenus metaphor). Since ‘to draw away’ and ‘to cleave’ are each a species of the genus ‘taking away’, one can say with blade of bronze drew away the life (speciestospecies metaphor). And since old age is to life as evening to the day, one can say that old age is the evening of life (ibid.). (，引文出處與上相同。Times New Roman、小四、2倍行距Times New Roman、小三、加粗Abstract The mechanism of metaphor is actually the nucleus of the study of metaphor. For more than two thousand years, metaphor was viewed as a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language. In accordance with this perspective, metaphor was a parison between two things that do not belong to the same category or was regarded as one word used to substitute another because there were preexisting similarities between them. As a result of this perspective, two theories took shape: one was the Comparison Theory, the other was the Theory of Substitution. But modern scholars discard the perspective, holding that metaphor is not only a device of rhetoric, to be more important, it is a leading way for human beings to know this world, a way of thinking. （中文摘要的對(duì)應(yīng)譯文）Times New Roman、小四、加粗Key words: metaphor。在眾多的隱喻理論中，影響較大的有布萊克和萊科夫的隱喻理論。兩千多年來(lái)，隱喻一直被僅僅看作一種修辭手段，一種語(yǔ)言的陪襯，被看作是兩種不同事物事先存在的相似性的比較或一個(gè)詞對(duì)另一詞的替代，進(jìn)而形成對(duì)隱喻闡述的比較論和替代論。本部分的論文題目、論文作者的姓名和指導(dǎo)教師的職稱與姓名按實(shí)際情況填寫。其余的按本格式復(fù)制。現(xiàn)代學(xué)者通過(guò)大量研究表明，隱喻不僅僅是一種修辭手段，更重要的是，它是人類的主要認(rèn)知方式。 (大約200字左右)小四、宋體、加粗關(guān)鍵詞：隱喻；搭配；術(shù)語(yǔ)（中文摘要的內(nèi)容和關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)與英文摘要相對(duì)應(yīng)，關(guān)鍵詞35個(gè)，詞與詞之間用分號(hào)分開）*** 正文引文中涉及到中國(guó)作者有兩種情況：1）在參考文獻(xiàn)中，如果用英文表述中國(guó)作者及著作，Shen, Dan. Stylistics and Translation. Beijing: Peking UP, 1995. 那么在正文中，引用原作者話之后要這樣在括號(hào)里標(biāo)注, 例如，Professor Shen writes that the standard of faithfulness and accuracy is not only “a principle for translating business contracts, but an attitude in translation” (Shen 191). (引文標(biāo)注用漢語(yǔ)拼音)。 collocation。本例為整段引用，即block quotation， 前后空五號(hào)字一行 )All metaphors, Aristotle believes, fall into at least one of these four categories, although analogy metaphors are the most pleasing. Aristotle also holds that metaphor can make the prosaic style charming, and stresses that it can only be confined to poetry (ibid. 72). This perspective leads to the later theorists making distinction between poetic language and everyday language. Especially in Chapter 21 and 22 of Poetics, Aristotle states that every word “is either current, or strange, or metaphor, or ornamental, or newly coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered”(). It is obvious that Aristotle classifies metaphors as lying outside normal language use. They are deviant or aberrant forms of discourse. He also holds that metaphor has no cognitive value and is merely an embellishment