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風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理(2)-wenkub

2023-01-24 07:08:10 本頁(yè)面
 

【正文】 ( morale hazard) ? kinds of hazards ? physical hazard ? moral hazard ? morale ? (二)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事故( 也稱 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事件 peril) :是指可能引起人身傷亡或財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的偶然事件( contingent event),是造成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失的直接原因,也是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素所誘發(fā)的直接后果。 ? 2)因?yàn)檫^失或故意而導(dǎo)致他人遭受人身傷害或財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的 侵權(quán)行為 ? ( Tort)依法應(yīng)負(fù)的賠償責(zé)任。 ? 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素是損失的間接原因。 ? 它具有以下特征: ? 1. 自然風(fēng)險(xiǎn)形成的不可控性( uncontrollable) ? 2. 自然風(fēng)險(xiǎn)形成的周期性( periodic) ? 3. 自然風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事故引起后果的共沾性( occurs to many。政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)源于政府行為,所以又稱政府風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如:人口增長(zhǎng)、技術(shù)進(jìn)步、體制變革 靜態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與動(dòng)態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的差別 ? 1. 損失不同: ? 靜態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)于個(gè)體和社會(huì)而言,都是純粹損失,而動(dòng)態(tài) ? 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不一定(比如:消費(fèi)者偏好轉(zhuǎn)移)。 三、按風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的性質(zhì)或?qū)е碌暮蠊诸? ? 純粹風(fēng)險(xiǎn)( pure risk) :是指只有損失機(jī)會(huì)而無(wú)獲利可能的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 ? Liability risk includes the risk of economic loss results from your being held responsible for harming others or their property. ? (三)人身風(fēng)險(xiǎn)( personal risks) :是指可能導(dǎo)致人的傷殘、死亡或喪失勞動(dòng)能力的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 ? 其目的是以最小的成本,獲得最大的安全保障。 ? Once risks have been identified, they must then be assessed as to their potential severity of loss and to the probability of occurrence. ? ( 三)選擇對(duì)付風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的方法 ( Potential risk treatments) ? 是指經(jīng)過風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)估測(cè)之后,采用合適的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方法對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行處理。 ? 2)在處理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)其成本大于其產(chǎn)生的效益時(shí)。 ? When you transfer risk to another party, you are shifting the financial responsibility for that risk to the other party, generally in exchange for a fee. ? 另外也有按保險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移和非保險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行財(cái)務(wù)型風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 ? 1)保險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移 ( insurance):向保險(xiǎn)公司投保,以交納保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)為代價(jià),將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給保險(xiǎn)人承擔(dān)。s expenses. In other words, the risk cannot be catastrophic, or so large that no insurer could hope to pay for the loss. ? ? The nature of the loss must be definite and financially measurable. That is, there should not be room for argument as to whether or not payment is due, nor as to what amount the payment should be. ? ? The loss should be random in nature, else the insured may engage in adverse selection (antiselection). ? 一般情況下,可保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)必須符合以下條件: ? Commercially insurable risks typically share the following mon characteristics: ? 1. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)必須是偶然的、意外的 ( The Loss must occur by Chance。 ? 3. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理是保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的源泉。 ? 1. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理源于保險(xiǎn)管理。(承包合同) ? 公司化: ? Means causing another party to accept the risk is typically by contract(合同) or by hedging(套期保值) . Insurance is one type of risk transfer that uses contracts. 第四節(jié) 保險(xiǎn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 一、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與可保風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ( Risk and insurable risks) ? 可保風(fēng)險(xiǎn) : ? 保險(xiǎn)公司可以接受、承保的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)叫做可保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 ? Risk reduction involves methods that reduce the severity of the loss or the likelihood of the loss from occurring. (二)財(cái)務(wù)型風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方法 ? 1. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)自留或承擔(dān) ( risk retention or assumption):是指企業(yè)或單位自己直接承擔(dān)損失的財(cái)務(wù)后果,即為自己遭受的損失支付賠償金。 ? Initial risk management plans will never be perfect. Practice, experience, and actual loss results will necessitate changes in the plan and contribute information to allow possible diffe
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