【正文】 ins with ‘natural’ conception, in the context of a heterosexual relationship, usually marriage. Lesbian motherhood is less mon than heterosexual motherhood, and lesbian routes to conception are, by definition, non(hetero)normative and prone to classification as ‘a(chǎn)rtificial’ (Mamo, 2021) even when medical assistance to conceive is not sought (Ferrara et al., 2021). ? 流產(chǎn)不論從身體還是心理方面都是一件讓人痛苦的事，進(jìn)一步講，非正常關(guān)系諸如同性戀夫妻使得流產(chǎn)變得更為復(fù)雜。這意味著主導(dǎo)西方國家的人工受孕技術(shù)使得懷孕和產(chǎn)后嬰兒的醫(yī)學(xué)診療方法變得合理必要化。 ? The normative Western narrative of pregnancy is continually reproduced across medical, literary and massmedia resources. It involves a missed period, a positive home pregnancy test and a medically managed pregnancy that entails visits to view the developing ‘baby’ via ultrasound (Davis Floyd and Dumit, 1998。Renner et al., 2021。 Speroff et al., 1999). ? 妊娠丟失影響著家庭計劃與育兒的實施，常被生殖健康中心所忽視，并且掩蓋了道德是非趨向。這項調(diào)查反映出：在生殖健康研究和妊娠丟失研究中，無論非異性戀者的雙方抑或單方婦女是都應(yīng)該予以關(guān)注。許多婦女認(rèn)為妊娠丟失在她們的生活中會產(chǎn)生 “ 重要 ”“ 非常重要 ” 的影響。 and health care and heterosexism. Of the respondents, 84% conceived using donor sperm。 methods: ? This study analysed predominantly qualitative online survey data from 60 nonheterosexual, mostly lesbian, women from theUK,USA,Canada and Australia. All but one of the pregnancies was planned. Most respondents had physically experienced one early miscarriage during their first pregnancy, although a third had experienced multiple losses. ? 這份調(diào)查源于 60位非異性戀者的網(wǎng)上調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)，這些非異性戀者主要為女同性戀，囊括英、美、加、澳四地同性戀婦女。所有妊娠多為計劃內(nèi)妊娠，大多數(shù)受調(diào)查者的首次妊娠時就發(fā)生了早期流產(chǎn)，三分之一患者還經(jīng)歷多次妊娠丟失。 most used various resources to plan conception and engaged in preconception health experience of loss was amplified due to contextual factors and the investment respondents reported making in impending motherhood. Most felt that their loss(es) had made a ‘significant’/‘very significant’ impact on their respondents experienced health care during their loss. Although the majority rated the overall standard of care as ‘good’/‘very good’/‘outstanding’, a minority reported experiencing heterosexism from health professionals. ? 本研究強(qiáng)調(diào)三點(diǎn)： 1懷孕過程與治療 2流產(chǎn)影響的擴(kuò)大化 3健康護(hù)理與受歧視帶來的影響。許多受調(diào)查者在妊娠丟失時正在接受健康護(hù)理等治療。 Introduction ? Pregnancy loss is an important issue that affects family planning and childbearing, yet it is often overlooked in reproductive health research,and is shrouded in cultural silence (Layne, 2021). Fetal mortality has also been described as ‘a(chǎn) major. . . public health problem’ (MacDorman and Kirmeyer, 2021a: 1). Pregnancy loss, especially early miscarriage, extremely mon and estimated to occur inbetween 12 and 31% of confirmed pregnancies, and up to as many as half of all pregnancies (Cramer and Wise, 2021。嬰兒死亡率被認(rèn)為是一個重要的社會健康問題，妊娠丟失特別是早期流產(chǎn)發(fā)生極普遍，發(fā)生率在經(jīng)證實的妊娠中為 1231%，在整體妊娠中則升至50%。 Speroff et al., 1999） ? Epidemiological evidencefrom the USA indicates that risk of pregnancy loss is increased for a number of groups of women, including nonwhite women ‘teenagers,women aged 35 years and over, unmarried women and multiple deliveries’(MacDorman and Kirmeyer, 2021b: 1). Within the ‘unmarriedwomen’ category it not possible, however, to discern the sexuality of these women. Furthermore, in many Western jurisdictions marriage, or ‘marriagelike’ legal frameworks, are now available to samesex couples (Harding, 2021。 Harpel, 2021). According to Layne (2021: 27), pregnancy loss at any gestational stage ‘does not conform to the norm’ of joyful pregnancy 。 ? Pregnancy loss is a physically and psychologically distressing event for many women—a form of (often socially unrecognized) bereavement,trauma, significant loss and grief (Renner et al., 2021。正常懷孕始于 “ 自然 ” 受孕，比如從異性戀愛關(guān)系發(fā)展到結(jié)婚、生育。正如 Bos et ：在大多數(shù)西方工業(yè)國家中，正處于同性戀關(guān)系并決定懷孕的婦女們的數(shù)量可能數(shù)以萬計，但這是一個推測的數(shù)據(jù)。法律規(guī)定生殖診所可向非異性戀夫妻或者單身母親提供服務(wù)，這在多個國家與立法中都有體現(xiàn)。 five couples had used identified sperm donors and fivehad used anonymously donated sperm. Gestational age at miscarriage ranged from 1 to 20 weeks and conception had taken from 1 to 5 years. ? 多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)著作幾乎不涉及女同性戀者與雙性戀者的妊娠與流產(chǎn)的相關(guān)問題。參與者都曾經(jīng)流產(chǎn)過，其中， 1對夫婦的流產(chǎn)發(fā)生于近兩年， 5對夫婦選用熟人捐獻(xiàn)的精子， 5對選用精子庫匿名捐獻(xiàn)的精子，流產(chǎn)月份從 1— 20周不等，懷孕從 1—5年不等。 Wojnar 認(rèn)為生物學(xué)母親可以公開的宣泄自己的失子之痛，而社會學(xué)（非生物學(xué)）母親更愿意將痛苦隱藏，她們認(rèn)為作為父母應(yīng)該堅強(qiáng)。 conceptionand pregnancy。 after your loss(es). The questions were developed basedon key issues in the academic and lay literatures and experiential knowledge. Questions included: ‘How did you conceive?’, ‘During your/yourpartner’s pregnancy, how did you feel?’, ‘What, if any, preparations did you make for the baby?’, ‘How did you first realize that you were likely to lose your baby/fetus/embryo?’ and ‘Please tell the story of how you lost your baby(ies)/fetus(es)/embryo(s)? Write as much or as little as you wish. For example, you could include how, where and when the loss(es) happened。此調(diào)查問卷由 SurveyMonkey設(shè)計制作。舉個例子，答案可以包括流產(chǎn)如何、何地、何時發(fā)生的，流產(chǎn)發(fā)生前后你有何感覺，護(hù)理人員如何說的做的，何時你將此事怎樣告知他人的？等等。 Recruitment and data collection ? Respondents were recruited using strategic opportunistic sampling. Twelve recruitment s were sent to LGBT lists, enewsletters and personal contacts (. Diva magazine, Pink Therapy newsletter, University and Colleges Union LGBT list, Psychology of Women Section listserv,Lesbian and Gay Psychology listserv, British Sociological Association Human Reproduction Study Group, American Anthropological Association Council on the Anthropology of Reproduction). The study was also publicized through munity anization websites in the UK, USA and Canada. Invitations to assist with recruitment were also sent to mainstream miscarriage, stillbirth and neonatal death anizations, but these anizations declined to publicize the study. Data were collected between November 2021 and March 2021, with the majority of responses (40) occurring within the first 2 weeks of the study being publicized. ? 選取受試者運(yùn)用了隨機(jī)抽樣的方法。 2021年 11月至 2021年 3月收集數(shù)據(jù)，本研究公開初的前兩周得到了多份問卷答案（ 40份） Respondents ?