【正文】 d in the analysis because answering most questions was optional, and valuable qualitative data were gained from inplete surveys: numbers do not necessarily add to 60because some respondents did not answer all questions and some provided multiple responses (if, for example, they had experienced multiple losses or could chose a number of responses to a fixed choice question). ? 60名受調查婦女來自于 4個國家，英國占 %為 26人，美國 %為 17人，加拿大 %為 11人，澳大利亞占 10%為 6人。（如：Diva雜志、 Pink療法通訊錄、大學聯(lián)盟變性者電郵錄、婦女心理協(xié)會清單表、同性戀者心理協(xié)會清單表、英國社會聯(lián)盟人類生殖生育研究部、美國人類學聯(lián)盟人類生殖部）此研究通過英美加三國的網絡機構公開于眾。 Recruitment and data collection ? Respondents were recruited using strategic opportunistic sampling. Twelve recruitment s were sent to LGBT lists, enewsletters and personal contacts (. Diva magazine, Pink Therapy newsletter, University and Colleges Union LGBT list, Psychology of Women Section listserv,Lesbian and Gay Psychology listserv, British Sociological Association Human Reproduction Study Group, American Anthropological Association Council on the Anthropology of Reproduction). The study was also publicized through munity anization websites in the UK, USA and Canada. Invitations to assist with recruitment were also sent to mainstream miscarriage, stillbirth and neonatal death anizations, but these anizations declined to publicize the study. Data were collected between November 2021 and March 2021, with the majority of responses (40) occurring within the first 2 weeks of the study being publicized. ? 選取受試者運用了隨機抽樣的方法。受調查者可在決定參與實驗之前閱讀相關信息并提出異議，而最終決定是否參與。舉個例子，答案可以包括流產如何、何地、何時發(fā)生的，流產發(fā)生前后你有何感覺，護理人員如何說的做的，何時你將此事怎樣告知他人的？等等。這些問題隱含著學術要點及道德、試驗知識。此調查問卷由 SurveyMonkey設計制作。 what health professionals said and did。 after your loss(es). The questions were developed basedon key issues in the academic and lay literatures and experiential knowledge. Questions included: ‘How did you conceive?’, ‘During your/yourpartner’s pregnancy, how did you feel?’, ‘What, if any, preparations did you make for the baby?’, ‘How did you first realize that you were likely to lose your baby/fetus/embryo?’ and ‘Please tell the story of how you lost your baby(ies)/fetus(es)/embryo(s)? Write as much or as little as you wish. For example, you could include how, where and when the loss(es) happened。 health professionals。 conceptionand pregnancy。 Materials and Methods ? Study design： An online survey methodology was chosen in order to maximize the geographical spread of respondents, speed of data collection and anonymity of participants (Harding and Peel, 2021。 Wojnar 認為生物學母親可以公開的宣泄自己的失子之痛，而社會學（非生物學）母親更愿意將痛苦隱藏，她們認為作為父母應該堅強。 and (ii) gain lesbians’ and bisexual women’s views about health care provision, attitudes and behaviour of health professionals and support provided by health professionals. ? 這些流產婦女的留言中主要話題為： “ 我們不能自已 ” 。參與者都曾經流產過，其中， 1對夫婦的流產發(fā)生于近兩年， 5對夫婦選用熟人捐獻的精子， 5對選用精子庫匿名捐獻的精子，流產月份從 1— 20周不等，懷孕從 1—5年不等。Wojnar and Swanson,2021: 5)。 five couples had used identified sperm donors and fivehad used anonymously donated sperm. Gestational age at miscarriage ranged from 1 to 20 weeks and conception had taken from 1 to 5 years. ? 多數文獻著作幾乎不涉及女同性戀者與雙性戀者的妊娠與流產的相關問題。（女同性戀的流產數反而少） ? Lesbian and bisexual women are all but invisible in the generic literatures on pregnancy and pregnancy loss (Peel and Cain, 2021). The ‘heterosexist monopoly of reproduction’is invidiously pervasive (Trettin et al., 2021。法律規(guī)定生殖診所可向非異性戀夫妻或者單身母親提供服務，這在多個國家與立法中都有體現。 ? Research suggests that ‘around one quarter of lesbianmother families, in the UK at least, are created’ through assisted conception services (Golombok et al., 2021: 31). Many nonheterosexual women also utilize assisted reproduction technologies and services in creating their families (Mamo, 2021). The regulation of, and access to, fertility clinics for nonheterosexual couples and single women, however, varies widely across different countries and jurisdictions(Gunning and Szoke, 2021). A parative study of intrauterine insemination (IUI) with frozen donor sperm (based on 122 single heterosexual women and 35 lesbian couples attending a fertility clinic in London) found that in 63 pregnancies the miscarriage rate was 15% for lesbians and 35% for single heterosexual women (Ferrara et al.,2021). The authors suggest that the difference in miscarriage rates between the two groups may be due to the heterosexual single women in their study being older and having failed to conceive for some time prior to clinic referral. ? 本實驗說明：在英國，至少有大約四分之一的 女同性戀 家庭經歷過妊娠輔助的服務措施。正如 Bos et ：在大多數西方工業(yè)國家中，正處于同性戀關系并決定懷孕的婦女們的數量可能數以萬計，但這是一個推測的數據。 ? Nevertheless, estimates suggest that there are between 1 and5 million lesbian mothers in the USA (Patterson and Redding, 1996),and that about a third of British lesbians are mothers (Golombok et al., 2021). Sixteen percent of married and cohabiting lesbiancouples in Canada have children living with them (Statistics Canada,2021), and according to the 2021 Australian census 19% of femalesamesex couples have children(Australian Bureau of Statistics,2021). As Bos et al. (2021: 2216) acknowledge ‘in most Western industrialized countries the total number of lesbians who have given birth to a child within a lesbian relationship amounts to several thousands。正常懷孕始于 “ 自然 ” 受孕，比如從異性戀愛關系發(fā)展到結婚、生育。 Frost et al., 2021。 ? Pregnancy loss is a physically and psychologically distressing event for many women—a form of (often socially unrecognized) bereavement,trauma, significant loss and grief (Renner et al., 2021。萊恩稱任何階段的流產是不能順應妊娠、分娩這一自然流程的結果， 同樣也是不能適應醫(yī)學角度生殖遺傳標準的結果，因為流產中斷了生物進展的延續(xù)性。 Harpel, 2021). According to Layne (2021: 27), pregnancy loss at any gestational stage ‘does not conform to the norm’ of joyful pregnancy 。但是，在未婚婦女這個大范圍中判斷她們的性取向是不容易的，并且在許多西方國家的法律中是允許同性婚姻的。 Speroff et al., 1999） ? Epidemiological evidencefrom the USA indicates that risk of preg