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ade, or, at the least, that the pace of ecological destruction can be slowed. But the nature of the food industry also raises questions about the applicability of the treadmill approach. A central claim of treadmill theory is that overall production increases over time. Thus, occasional savings in one sector of production or consumption do not represent true environmental improvement, because those savings simply get displaced elsewhere. For example, consumers who save money by purchasing more energyefficient hybrid vehicles will use those fuel cost savings to purchase something else, thus channeling the saved energy into some other form of production, yielding no environmental improvement. Yet while one’s capacity to accumulate consumer goods is virtually unlimited, the food industry is unique in that demand could be considered finite. Although greater processing and more distant transport of exotic foods are certainly possible, given food’s perishable nature and the limits of human biology, demand for food, unlike other goods, may ultimately be If so, than improvements in the environmental impact of food production may prove to be real gains not subject to the same limitations as the temporary environmental gains made in the production of other modities. The fact that at least some portion of the overall conventional food industry has been replaced by more environmentally sound production processes arguably represents a permanent environmental improvement, even if it does not suggest a general trend toward full environmental sustainability. This is in conflict with treadmill predictions, even though it is limited to a single, rather unique, industry. In addition, ecological modernization theorists might argue that given the growing ecological sensibility among consumers and producers, further innovations are likely to take the form of still more ecologically sound food production. In deed, there is evidence of this in the form of an array of upstart farmers’ movements that seek to go ‘‘beyond organic’’ (LaTrobe and Acott 2020。此類(lèi)措施可以通過(guò)環(huán)保的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和認(rèn)證方案的建立,對(duì)相關(guān)消費(fèi)者環(huán)保意識(shí)的呼吁,其自身的 利基市場(chǎng)的形成來(lái)滿(mǎn)足其市場(chǎng)需求。 1997). 農(nóng)業(yè)的制度化提供了另一個(gè)契機(jī),通過(guò)這個(gè)制度化的發(fā)展將 生態(tài)學(xué)現(xiàn)代化理論 很好地 適用于社會(huì)過(guò)程 。然而就是這 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代的結(jié)合環(huán)保和健康的回歸土地運(yùn)動(dòng)奠定了 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)的擴(kuò)張的基礎(chǔ)。開(kāi)明 39。從這個(gè)角度看,有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè),至多,是一個(gè)由單一力量主宰,以增大利益和擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)為目的真正的社會(huì)變革運(yùn)動(dòng)。因此,整體生產(chǎn)速度的提高導(dǎo)致了越來(lái)越多的資源提取和有害產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)生。因此,有機(jī)生產(chǎn)做出的環(huán)境承諾可能被證實(shí)和生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論完全一樣。這表明了一些生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化大膽理論的失敗,但它也表明環(huán)境保護(hù)能夠取得真正的進(jìn)展,至少,該地區(qū)生態(tài)破壞的速度可以放慢。例如,消費(fèi)者用節(jié)省的錢(qián)購(gòu)買(mǎi)節(jié)能的混合動(dòng) 力汽車(chē),然后用這些燃料成本節(jié)省下來(lái)的錢(qián)購(gòu)買(mǎi)別的東西,從而引導(dǎo)一些其他形式的產(chǎn)品,這樣的節(jié)能可以改善環(huán)境 . 然而,雖然一個(gè)人的能力消耗消費(fèi)品的能力幾乎是無(wú)限的,但是食品行業(yè)的獨(dú)特之處就是可以考慮到其有限的需求。事實(shí)上 至少,在一些傳統(tǒng)食品產(chǎn)業(yè)的整體部分已被對(duì)環(huán)境更無(wú)害的生 產(chǎn)工藝所取代,可以說(shuō)是代表了環(huán)境永久的改善,即使它并不表明一個(gè)走向全面可持續(xù)發(fā)展環(huán)境的總趨勢(shì)。39。一些運(yùn)動(dòng)積極分子正試圖設(shè)計(jì)新的生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),使人們幾乎不可能進(jìn)行大規(guī)模生產(chǎn),從而有利于當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)可持續(xù)的小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)。 11 總結(jié) 單一生產(chǎn)理論和生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論都為環(huán)境改善發(fā)展提供了精辟的觀點(diǎn)。 雖然這種分析并不使我們明確得出由生態(tài)理論和農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化理論家提出的關(guān)于長(zhǎng)期生態(tài)環(huán)境的結(jié)論,但是不僅為農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化,也為整個(gè)社會(huì)提供了一個(gè)寶貴的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)實(shí)行有機(jī)案例??偟恼f(shuō),資本主義仍然主張經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)擴(kuò)張??梢园l(fā)現(xiàn),如果增加對(duì)未來(lái)有限資源的提取,對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)增加更多的污染物,任何環(huán)境都有不可能改善。 出處:新帕爾茨,《農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展》 Harvard 農(nóng)業(yè)雜志 2020( 8): 128131 。但是要實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)行業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展仍有許多不足。在這種情況下,利潤(rùn)將會(huì)繼續(xù)驅(qū)動(dòng)炳支持投資和生產(chǎn)的擴(kuò)大化。如果事實(shí)確實(shí)對(duì)糧食的需求是有限的,真正有利于環(huán)境的不斷改善,在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐便可實(shí)現(xiàn)。社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng),消費(fèi)者,企業(yè)家和政府的協(xié)同行動(dòng)比常規(guī)做法更有利于環(huán)境改善,如生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論家預(yù)測(cè)農(nóng)業(yè) 生產(chǎn)。有機(jī)對(duì)真正的生態(tài)可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)可能只是一個(gè)中途站。米尼克2020)。 此外,生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論家會(huì)認(rèn)為,鑒于消費(fèi)者與生產(chǎn)者之間越來(lái)越強(qiáng)的生態(tài)敏感性,更合理的食品生產(chǎn)生態(tài)形式有可能采取進(jìn)一步創(chuàng)新。對(duì)糧食的需求,不像其他商品,最終可能是有限的。跑步機(jī)理論的一個(gè)核心主張是整體產(chǎn)量隨著時(shí)間的推移而增加。研究分析的焦點(diǎn)不是有機(jī)物是否都是如他們所聲稱(chēng)的那樣,也不是是機(jī)產(chǎn)品是否最10 終將完全取代傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的問(wèn)題,而是在整體食品市場(chǎng)中相對(duì)有限的選擇性 . 當(dāng)然,單一進(jìn)程更加有利于增加 對(duì)能源和集約型(有機(jī))化學(xué)產(chǎn)品的依賴(lài),也可能未來(lái)的有機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)比現(xiàn)在很多傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)更有害于環(huán)境。是否做有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展和傳播代表了一種可持續(xù)的糧食生態(tài)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)?雖然有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)的這些利益顯著,但它的最終利益無(wú)法在此基礎(chǔ)上分析 .單一生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化核心理論的批判仍可以用在這里:將有限的積極發(fā)展作為可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路的開(kāi)始時(shí)錯(cuò)誤的 .盡管取得了重大增長(zhǎng),有機(jī)食品仍然是一個(gè)利基市場(chǎng),具有成本競(jìng) 爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè),將可能依然存在,例如( Guthman 2020a。業(yè)主為保持在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境中獲利必須不斷進(jìn)行再投資。與此相反,跑步機(jī)理論家看到了一個(gè)由