【正文】 第一篇：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié)（只摘抄黑體字部分，藍(lán)體字只讀不摘抄，第二種用法只學(xué)不摘抄）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話(huà)之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的范疇。其構(gòu)成： 助動(dòng)詞have(has)+過(guò)去分詞?？隙ㄊ?主語(yǔ) + have/has + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他。(當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)用has,其余人稱(chēng)用have。過(guò)去分詞:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式相同。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞需要特殊記憶。)否定式:主語(yǔ) + haven39。t/hasn39。t + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他。疑問(wèn)式: Have /Has + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他? 簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ): Yes, 主語(yǔ) + have/has.(肯定)No, 主語(yǔ) + haven39。t/hasn39。t.(否定)（一）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如： Have you read that story？ 你讀過(guò)那個(gè)故事嗎？（“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。）I have bought two apples．我買(mǎi)了兩個(gè)蘋(píng)果。（“買(mǎi)”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋(píng)果。）請(qǐng)朗讀下面句子，體會(huì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義。(以下句子摘抄兩句) have finished my homework.(My homework is done, I can do something else.) has seen the doctor.(Now she knows what’s wrong with her.) have seen the film.(Now they know what the film is about.) has lost her pen.(Now she can’t see it.) you found your watch?(Do you have your watch now?) the train arrived?(Can we get on the train now?) Jenny invited you to her party?(Do you know her party? Will you go?) haven’t borrowed a book from the library.(Now I don’t have a library book.) hasn’t read the story.(He doesn’t know about the story.) haven’t washed my clothes.(My clothes are still dirty.)請(qǐng)將下面句子變成否定句，一般疑問(wèn)句，并做肯定否定回答，同時(shí)體會(huì)各個(gè)句子的含義，領(lǐng)悟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法。（摘抄兩個(gè)句子） has returned the book to the have bought a new pair of students have swept the have told the teacher about train has left the has turned off the mother has cooked supper for have done our “完成用法” 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“完成用法”的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)連用。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday,last Sunday, in1990,three years ago等。,yet和just。already“已經(jīng)，”一般用于肯定句中，yet“已經(jīng)，還”一般用于否定句和 疑問(wèn)句中。如：We have already finished our homework.（We have finished our homework already.）我們已完成作業(yè)了。They haven39。t finished their homework 。Have you washed your clothes yet?No,not “剛剛”,just now是過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), train has just left.(It’s not here now.)The train left just have just cleaned the room.(The room is clean now.)I cleaned the room just 和never。多用于否定或疑問(wèn)句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”或“從未“等。如：Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎？I have never been to the Great 。，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。例如：I have seen her before,but I can not remember ，但記不起在哪里見(jiàn)過(guò)。He has been there three times the last few 。“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：now,today,thismorning(month,year, term)等。例如：Have you met him today?No,I haven39。？我 沒(méi)有。How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去過(guò)那里多少次？在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。如： I have already finished my homework．我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。He has just had his meal．他剛吃過(guò)飯。Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱過(guò)這首英文歌嗎？They haven39。t started yet．他們還沒(méi)有動(dòng)身。We have never heard of it． 我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。（以下內(nèi)容只學(xué)習(xí)，不摘抄）（二）表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。因?yàn)楸硎镜氖浅掷m(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，所以使用的動(dòng)詞通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have… 等；使用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常由for或since 引導(dǎo)，但二者后接的詞有所不同：for后常跟一個(gè)時(shí)間段，指某個(gè)動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。如：for three years, for half an hour等。since 作介詞，后面可以接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如since 1980，也可以接“一段時(shí)間+ago”,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。since 還可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：We have known each other since we went to 、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能直接和for 或since 連用，但我們可以找一個(gè)相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)替換這些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如: bee→be, e to→be in / at, go out→ be out, leave→be away(from), begin→be on, stop→ be over，buy→ have, borrow→ keep, open→be open, close→be closed, join→be a member of/be in, die→be dead, catch a cold→have a cold, get to know→know, bee a teacher →be a teacher，fall asleep→be asleep, fall ill→ be ill等。句型It is the first（second, third...)time that...的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示到說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)為止動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)幾次。如：It is the first time that I have been here.（三）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。說(shuō)話(huà)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過(guò)去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”產(chǎn)生的影響。如： He visited Guilin in 。(只說(shuō)明去桂林的時(shí)間)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： Jill has bought a new 。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺(tái)新電腦)兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是“助動(dòng)詞have /has +過(guò)去分詞”。(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。（3）看看以下的幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別？① Have you seen the film?(A)Did you see the film?(B)[說(shuō)明] 你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。② How has he done it?(A)How did he do it?(B)[說(shuō)明]他是怎么做的這件事？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；(B)句單純的詢(xún)問(wèn)做這件事的方式。③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)[說(shuō)明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過(guò)8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。(四)幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)（1）have been(to)與have gone(to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過(guò)某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了）”，可用于各人稱(chēng)；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀?，常用于第三人稱(chēng)，前者可與once ,never,several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing 。He has gone to 。（2）如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two 。（3）終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：I haven39。t left here since ，我一直沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒。第二篇：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去 但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have(has)+過(guò)去分詞。不少同學(xué)對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法感到困惑，下面我們來(lái)對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法以及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別做一個(gè)詳細(xì)分析?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：just, yet, before, recently, once, lately等；也可以同表示瀕度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等；也同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如now, today, this morning, this year, this month等，但不能同特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用（in 1993, last year等）。（一）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如： Have you read that story？你讀過(guò)那個(gè)故事嗎？（“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。）I have bought two apples．我買(mǎi)了兩個(gè)蘋(píng)果。（“買(mǎi)”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋(píng)果。）在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。如： I have already finished my homework．我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。He has just had his meal．他剛