【正文】 1LONGMANPRONUNCIATIONDICTIONARYSTUDY GUIDEClare FletcherLongman 2Longman Group UK LimitedLongman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow,Essex CM20 2JE, Englandand Associated Companies throughout the world.169。 Longman Group UK Limited 1990All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the Publishers.ISBN 0 582 Set in Monophoto Century SchoolbookPrinted in Great Britainby Richard Clay PLC., Bungay, Suffolk.3CONTENTSIntroductionPart A: Pronunciations and variants1. Characters used in phonemic transcription 2. What pronunciations are given: the layout of entries 3. Alternative pronunciationsDIAGNOSTIC EXERCISE ALTERNATIVES AT THE BEGINNING OF A WORD ALTERNATIVES AT TH E END OF A WORD ALTERNATIVES IN THE MIDDLE OF A WORD COMBINATIONS OF ALTERNATIVES ALTERNATIVE PRONUNCIATIONS INVOLVING THE SYMBOL ? QUIZ ON ALTERNATIVE PRONUNCIATIONS 4. Inflected and derived words APPLICATION EXERCISES ON LAYOUT OF ENTRIES.ALTERNATIVE PRONUNCIATIONS. INFLECTIONS AND DERIVED FORMS 5. Optional soundsSOUNDS SHOWN IN ITALICS: ELISION SOUNDS SHOWN BY RAISED LETTERS: INSERTION CONVERSATION FOR STUDY: OPTIONAL SOUNDS 6. Syllabic consonants 7. CompressionCOMPRESSION INVOLVING A CONSONANT COM PRESSION INVOLVING A VOWEL CONVERSATION FOR STUDY: SYLLABIC CONSONANTS AND COMPRESSIONPart B: Stress in words and phrases8. Pairs of words with different stress 9. Stress markingPRIMARY STRESS SECONDARY AND PRIMARY STKKSS TERTIARY STRESS MIXED PATTERNS 10. Stress shift 11. Compounds and phrases 12. Alternative pronunciations with different stress 13. Suffixes Part C: Aspects of pronunciation in the dictionary14. American pronunciationSIX DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH QUIZZES ON AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION TEXT FOR STUDY: AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION 15. Homophones 16. Abbreviations 17. Names of people and places 18. Assimilation TEXT FOR STUDY: ASSIMILATION 19. Pronunciations derived by rule 20. Incorrect pronunciations 21. Combining forms Key to Exercises4INTRODUCTIONThis study guide enables readers to make the best use of the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. The dictionary and study guide together are a powerful aid to the study of English pronunciation.WHAT THE STUDY GUIDE CONTAINS? Discussion of features of English pronunciation shown in the dictionary and explanation of the conventions used to show them.? Exercises to develop effective use of the dictionary.? Crossreferences to relevant material in the dictionary39。s introduction and notes.? Diagnostic exercises in the early sections to enable you to assess your proficiency and select appropriate material.? Explicit statements of aims to show the purpose of each exercise.? A key at the back of the book for checking the answers to exercises, where these are not immediately obvious from the dictionary.The cassette provides three types of material:? Illustration of pronunciations you see in the book and dictionary.? Exercises.? A means of checking your answers to certain exercises.HOW TO USE THE STUDY GUIDEYou can work through the guide from beginning to end, or you can plan your own programme to meet your needs.Planning a programme? Look at the Contents List.? Use the diagnostic exercises in the early sections.? Look at the aims of sections and of specific exercises.? Select the sections and exercises which are useful for you.Using the mentary and exercises? It is always helpful to say the pronunciations you are reading, to make them clear and to fix them in your memory. This may not be possible, for example if you are working in a library. But if you are working by yourself, or with others also using the study guide, make a habit of saying the pronunciations.? Always look up pronunciations in the dictionary when you are told to do so. In some exercises, the words to look up begin with the same letter, to speed up the search.? Some exercises involve transcription。 you can get further practice by transcribing any of the dialogues and texts in the book and cassette, and these are transcribed in the key at the back of the book.? Look up crossreferences to the introduction or notes in the dictionary, if you want to take a point further.5RP Gen Consonants RP Gen VowelsAm Am? ? p pen, copy, happen ? ? ? kit, bid, hymn? ? b back, bubble, job ? ? e dress, bed? ? t tea, tight, button ? ? 230。 trap, bad? t? city, better ? ? lot, odd, wash? ? d day, ladder, odd ? ? ? strut, bud, love? ? k key, cock, school ? ? ? foot, good, put? ? g get, giggle, ghost ? ? i? fleece, sea, machine? ? ? church, match, nature ? ? e? face, day, steak? ? ? judge, age, soldier ? ? a? price, high, try? ? f fat, coffee, rough, physics ? ? ?? choice, boy? ? v view, heavy, move ? ? u? goose, two, blue? ? θ thing, author, path ? ?? goat, show, no? ? 240。 this, other, smooth ? o? goat, show, no? ? s soon, cease, sister ? ?? variant in cold? ? z zero, zone, roses, buzz ? ? a? mouth, now? ? ? ship, sure, station ? ?? near, here, serious? ? ? pleasure, vision ? e? square, fair, various? ? h hot, whole, behind ? ? ɑ? start, father? ? m more, hammer, sum ? ɑ? lot, odd? ? n nice, know, funny, sun ? ?? thought, law? ? ? ring, long, thanks, sung ? ?? thought, law? ? l light, valley, feel ? ? ?? north, war? ? r right, sorry, arrange ? o? variant in force, four? ? j yet, use, beauty ? ?? cure, poor, jury? ? w wet, one, when, queen ? ?? nurse, stirIn foreign words only: ? ?? nurse, stir, courage? ? x loch, chutzpah ? ? i happy, radiation, glorious? ? Llanelli, Hluhluwe ? ? ? about, ma, mon? ? u influence, situation, annual? ? ? intend, basic? ? stimulus, educateIn foreign words only:? ?? grand pr