【正文】 1 Reading techniques and critical reading referencing and plagiarism The Department of Biosciences Stage 3 Project Induction Shaun Theobald The Student Learning Advisory Service 2 Keywords for this lecture ? Academic integrity ? Academic dishonesty ? Referencing ? Intext citations ? Reference list ? Numeric referencing systems ? Vancouver 3 Keywords for this lecture ? Plagiarism ? Common knowledge ? Collusion ? Collaboration ? Duplication ? Paraphrasing ? Summarising 4 Aims of this lecture ? To explore the process of reading effectively ? To explore the process of reading critically ? To examine the concept of academic integrity ? To relate this to final year projects ? To describe and examine plagiarism 5 Aims of this lecture ? To demonstrate the ways in which you can avoid plagiarism ? Putting academic integrity into practice ? Understanding referencing ? Numeric referencing。 Vancouver 6 Effective reading ? Generic principles ? Select a suitable amount of text ? . short journal article ? Stage 1 ? Raise questions in advance and think of keywords you are looking for ? What do you hope/expect to find? ? Note down these questions amp。 keywords ? Anticipation means you read with more focus ? This is the first step to active reading 7 Effective reading ? Stage 2 ? 1st reading: Skim the text for general meaning ? Only take very brief notes at this stage, if any ? Use a pencil to mark difficult passages ? 2nd reading: Scan the text for the keywords/particular topics you noted at Stage 1 + your marked passages ? 3rd reading: Read for detail ? Now go back over the text carefully ? Read each paragraph/section in detail ? Take selective notes, capturing some detail ? Because you have carried out a skim and a scan read already, the read for detail stage is more effective 8 Effective reading for science ? Some students may find the skimscanread for detail process difficult to implement with scientific writing ? Material with a high incidence of formula, data, scientific expressions and specialised vocabulary may be difficult to read quickly ? There are further anticipatory processes that can be tried in advance of, or as an alternative to, skimscanread for detail 9 Effective reading for science ? in context ? Scientific papers tend to follow a standardised structure ? There may be some variation within this for some sections ? . the extent and position of acknowledgements within the paper ? But the core sections are usually as follows 10 Effective reading for science ? The main structure of scientific papers: ? Abstract ? Introduction ? Literature Review ? Materials and Methods ? Results ? Discussion 11 Effective reading for science ? In your reading, you can work with the kind of information you will find in each section ? Anticipating the type of ?discussion? in each section allows you to read for context, and read more effectively ? In short, you ?know? what you are looking for 12 Effective reading for science Section Context Abstract Global view of textconcise summary Introduction Key aims of research。 main hypothesis。 key discussion of specific papers that ?shape? the research Lierature review Overview of literature and research 13 Effective reading for science Section Context Materials and methods Mainly practical rather than evaluative Results Clearly, what was established… Discussion A rich evaluation and conclusion, often thematically anised. Will focus on alternative hypotheses amp。 interpretations 14 Effective reading for science ? From this table, it is clear that a careful preliminary reading of the abstract, introduction and discussion would prepare the reader ? Following this with a skimscanread for detail approach may now be effective 15 Effective reading for science ? with abstracts ? The abstract is a crucial aspect of any scientific paper ? Within the scientific munity, the abstract alone is often used to evaluate and utilise texts within a research field ? Re Final Year Projects, “This section should be as concise as possible…, and should include everything that you particularly