【正文】 中國銀行業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)況及臺資銀行登陸之可能模式分析The Current Situation of China’s Banking Industry and Possible Modes of Taiwanese Banks Investing in China 朱浩民Haumin Chu 政治大學(xué)金融學(xué)系(所)教授 摘要1979年改革開放後，中國金融體制進(jìn)行了大幅調(diào)整，政策逐漸鬆綁，各類金融機(jī)構(gòu)紛紛設(shè)立與改型，外資銀行也重返大陸，金融發(fā)展?jié)u具雛型，2001年底中國加入WTO，市場循序?qū)ν忾_放，外國金融機(jī)構(gòu)前僕後繼，搶進(jìn)登陸，隨著2006年底中國對WTO金融市場開放承諾事項(xiàng)的完全實(shí)施，外資銀行必將加速進(jìn)入大陸，大陸本國銀行將面臨嚴(yán)重的威脅，而臺資銀行卻因?yàn)槭苷咧拗?，目前僅在大陸成立辦事處，還未能設(shè)立營業(yè)性機(jī)構(gòu)，商機(jī)逐漸流失。本文首先介紹大陸銀行業(yè)的改革、現(xiàn)況與未來發(fā)展，接著彙整了中國對外資銀行開放的相關(guān)法令，並扼要說明外資銀行在中國大陸的發(fā)展情形，最後討論未來臺灣銀行業(yè)赴大陸投資的可能途徑。關(guān)鍵詞：外資銀行、臺灣銀行業(yè)、中國投資、WTO Abstract The financial system of China has gone through big adjustments after 1979’s economic reform. With the deregulation of government policies, various types of financial institutions burgeoned and foreign banks returned gradually. After joining the WTO in December 2001, Chinese financial market opens to outsiders with schedule and foreign institutions begin rushing into the market. As the deadline of opening market to foreign countries bees closer and closer, foreign banks investing in China accelerate. However, the Taiwanese banks are allowed only to set up representative offices but cannot open the business branches in China right now, and the business advantage of banks is losing gradually. The paper first introduces recent reforms of China39。s banking industry, and discusses its current situation and future development. Next, the paper summarizes financial laws of China regarding to opening the market to foreign banking industry and presents the current situation of foreign banks over there. Finally, this paper discusses possible modes of Taiwanese banks investing in Mainland China.Keywords: foreign bank, Taiwan banking industry, investment in China, WTO Executive SummaryThe financial system of China has gone through big adjustments after 1979’s economic reform. With the deregulation of government policies, various types of financial institutions burgeoned and foreign banks returned gradually. After the development of over twenty years, China’s banking industry is now quite similar to modern western countries, and is posed of three policy banks, four stateowned mercial banks, thirteen joint stock mercial banks, one hundred and seventeen city mercial banks, fortythree rural mercial banks, thousands of urban and rural credit cooperatives, and postal savings bureau. The financial market of China accelerates opening to outsiders after joining the WTO in December 2001, and foreign institutions begin rushing into the market. As the plete opening deadline of Chinese financial market to foreign countries bees closer and closer, foreign banks flush into China. Till the end of 2005, there are 254 business branches of foreign banks in China, 154 of them have acquired the local RMB licenses. In the near future, foreign financial institutions will continue pouring into the Chinese market without hesitation. However, under the constraint of the local government policy, the Taiwanese banks are allowed only to set up representative offices but cannot open the business branches in China right now, and the business advantage of banks is losing gradually. In the present, there are only seven representative offices of Taiwanese banks in China, all are waiting for the lifting of the ban by the government. The Taiwanese banks are very eager to invest in China yet they are still waiting. According to the statistics, over onehalf of listed panies in Taiwan have gone to China, and there are also about forty thousands of Taiwan business firms investing there. Taiwanese banks are afraid of losing their customers if they are still not allowed to invest in China. Moreover, even the Taiwanese banks are able to invest in China right away。 maybe it is already too late as foreign banks have already grasped the business advantage. Six possible modes of investment in China are discussed in this paper including: 1)opening the business branch directly, 2)setting up an independent bank directly, 3)direct equity investment in Chinese bank, 4)entering the market indirectly, 5)establishing business cooperation with Chinese bank, 6)entering the market with other foreign banks. Each investment mode has merits and shortings, however, the mon views by the banks are lifting the ban as soon as possible so that they can extend their business in China quickly.This paper first introduces recent reforms of Chinese banking industry, and discusses its current situation and future development. Next, the paper summarizes financial laws of China regarding to opening the market to foreign banking industry and presents the current situation of foreign banks over there. Finally, this paper proposes possible modes of Taiwanese banks investing in Mainland China and discusses their merits and shortings. Hopefully, this research can cast some insight for the government policy decision. 壹、前言1949年大陸政權(quán)成立，金融業(yè)務(wù)由中國人民銀行接管辦理，外國金融機(jī)構(gòu)被迫暫停營業(yè)或退出大陸，1979年改革開放後，金融體制進(jìn)行了大幅調(diào)整，政策逐漸鬆綁，各類金融機(jī)構(gòu)紛紛設(shè)立與改型，外資銀行也重返大陸，金融發(fā)展?jié)u具雛型，2001年底中國加入WTO，市場循序?qū)ν忾_放，外國金融機(jī)構(gòu)前僕後繼，搶進(jìn)登陸，而隨著2006年底中國對WTO金融市場開放承諾事項(xiàng)的完全實(shí)施，外資銀行必將加速進(jìn)入大陸，臺資銀行卻因?yàn)槭苷咧拗?，目前僅有7家銀行在大陸成立辦事處，還未能設(shè)立營業(yè)性機(jī)構(gòu)，商機(jī)逐漸流失。本文首先介紹大陸銀行業(yè)的改革、現(xiàn)況與未來發(fā)展，接著彙整了中國對外資銀行開放的相關(guān)法令，並扼要說明外資銀行在中國大陸的發(fā)展情形，最後討論未來臺灣銀行業(yè)赴大陸投資的可能途徑。貳、大陸銀行業(yè)的改革、現(xiàn)況與未來發(fā)展一、 大陸銀行業(yè)的改革 大陸銀行業(yè)改革可分為1979年至1993年現(xiàn)代銀行業(yè)初期發(fā)展、1994年至2002年銀行業(yè)體制改革、2003年後銀行加速改革與外資湧入三個(gè)階段1。(一) 1979年至1993年現(xiàn)代銀行業(yè)初期發(fā)展階段1979年以前大陸的金融體制，除了建國初期的過渡時(shí)期外，是在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下，由中國人民銀行集中全國金融業(yè)務(wù)、信貸管理的所謂「大一統(tǒng)」金融體制；在此時(shí)期，中國人民銀行是全國唯一的金融機(jī)構(gòu)，各類銀行及金融機(jī)構(gòu)相繼裁撤或併入，外資銀行退出或降級為辦事處，中國人民銀行不僅是行使中央銀行職權(quán)、管理全國金融與貨幣的機(jī)關(guān)，同時(shí)也是全面經(jīng)營商業(yè)銀行業(yè)務(wù)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。 1978年12月底，中共中央第十一屆三中全會作出了經(jīng)濟(jì)改革和對外開放的決定，大陸經(jīng)濟(jì)開始打破原有的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)制度，金融體制也進(jìn)行了深刻的變化。在1979年到1983年期間，中國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行、中國銀行、中國人民建設(shè)銀行(1996年改名為中國建設(shè)銀行)相繼復(fù)業(yè)，原先「大一統(tǒng)」的金融體系逐漸瓦解。 1984年1月開始，遵照國務(wù)院的決定，中國人民銀行將原先辦理的城市金融業(yè)務(wù)移交予新成立的中國工商銀行，退出一般商業(yè)銀行業(yè)務(wù)，專門行使中央銀行的職責(zé)，中央銀行體制初告確立。1987年4月交通銀行重新組建，其他區(qū)域型的股份制商業(yè)銀行如招商銀行、中信實(shí)銀行陸續(xù)成立，全國性的股份制商業(yè)銀行如中國光大、華夏銀行於1992年先後成立，城市信用合作社與財(cái)務(wù)公司則在80年代中期以後陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)，原先撤離之外商銀行也紛紛回到中國，中國的金融體制遂成為以中央銀行為中心，國家專業(yè)銀行為主體，其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)同時(shí)存在，分工協(xié)作的新金融組織體制。 在1984到1992年中國人民銀行行使中央銀行職權(quán)的初期階段，雖然積極運(yùn)用多種經(jīng)濟(jì)和行政手段，對各類金融機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督，但信貸規(guī)模管理仍然是主要的調(diào)控手段，中國人民銀行的首要工作是分配資產(chǎn)，金融監(jiān)管的重點(diǎn)則是檢查各專業(yè)銀行是否按照國家要求發(fā)放貸款，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)管的功能並不強(qiáng)，中國人民銀行本身還有部分政策性和商業(yè)性銀行業(yè)務(wù)，各類銀行還在摸索成長，與現(xiàn)代化經(jīng)營管理仍有相當(dāng)距離，因此此一時(shí)期可謂是大陸現(xiàn)代銀行業(yè)的初期發(fā)展階