【正文】 狀語(adverbial)是句子的重要修飾成分。狀語是謂語里的另一個(gè)附加成分，它附加在謂語中心語的前面，從情況、時(shí)間、處所、方式、條件、對(duì)象、肯定、否定、范圍和程度等方面對(duì)謂語中心進(jìn)行修飾或限制。在英語中，狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分。狀語的功用：狀語說明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語來擔(dān)當(dāng)。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。副詞是一種用來修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或全句的詞,說明時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),程度,方式等概念。．He speaks English very well. ，用來修飾well。very well是修飾speak的程度狀語。2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的狀語。I e specially to see .Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.十年前,她開始住在大連。The boy was praised for his bravery.When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.狀語簡(jiǎn)介概述狀語與定語相同的地方是,都是前者附加成分。不同的地方是,它是謂語里的附加成分,狀語是在第二個(gè)層次和第三個(gè)層次里的成分,有時(shí)甚至是更低層次的成分.狀語的構(gòu)成狀語的構(gòu)成經(jīng)常充當(dāng)狀語的有形容詞,副詞,時(shí)間處所名詞,能愿動(dòng)詞,指示代詞,以及方位短語,介詞短語,動(dòng)賓短語,謂詞性聯(lián)合短語,謂詞性偏正短語,謂詞性主謂短語等.含有動(dòng)量詞的數(shù)量短語以及重疊式的數(shù)量短語(不論動(dòng)量,物量)也可以充當(dāng)狀語.此外,少數(shù)名詞帶上表比況的助詞也可以作狀語.狀語的書面標(biāo)志——地狀語的書面標(biāo)志是結(jié)構(gòu)助詞地.狀語后面帶或者是不帶地,數(shù)量短語,主謂短語,動(dòng)賓短語等作狀語時(shí),大都帶地。而介詞短語,方位短語,能愿動(dòng)詞,時(shí)間處所名詞作狀語時(shí)不能帶地,副詞,單音節(jié)形容詞作狀語一般也不帶地.多層狀語如果一個(gè)中心語前面有好幾個(gè)狀語(多層狀語),其語序也比多層定語的語序要靈活一些.多層狀語的一般語序:,介詞短語。.,方位短語。.其中副詞的位置較為靈活,也可放置在第三項(xiàng)之后.一般狀語和句首狀語狀語在句子中有兩種位置:一種是在主語之后,謂語中心之前,如上文所舉各例,這是狀語的一般位置。另一種是放在主語的前面的,這是狀語的特殊位置,這種狀語可稱句首狀語.狀語的分類狀語按其修飾的功能不同可分為八大類：時(shí)間狀語，地點(diǎn)狀語，條件狀語，原因狀語，目的狀語，結(jié)果狀語，讓步狀語和比較狀語時(shí)間狀語從句要點(diǎn): 時(shí)間狀語從句，由以下連詞引導(dǎo)：when ，while， as， after ，before， as soon as， since ，till /until by the time 在時(shí)間狀語從句中，要注意時(shí)態(tài)一致。一般情況下主句是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。.....的時(shí)候Mozart started writing music when he was four years old......時(shí)He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.3. as在.....的同時(shí)；一邊....一邊.....He smiled as he stood up.....之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day. 在......之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as 一.....就（scarcely/hardly...when,no sooner than,the minute/moment,on/upon,directly等等）We began to work as soon as we got there.I will write to you as soon as I get home. 自......以來到現(xiàn)在表示自過去的一個(gè)起點(diǎn)時(shí)間到目前(說話時(shí)間)為止的一段持續(xù)時(shí)間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.(還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語：since three years ago(自三年前以來)表示。)8 till /until都可以作連詞，連接時(shí)間狀語，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作狀語。They walked till /until it was dark.Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back.9. by the time 到......為止 (所在句子的主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時(shí))By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.一 .由when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。例如：When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know ，你就是在開始知道一些事物了。When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with ，它在生長(zhǎng)，它感到壓抑，它蓄存著