【正文】 語言學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)參考習(xí)題1 Questions on Lecture III * Saussure looks at language from the ____________ point of view, Chomsky looks at language from the _____________ point of view and _______ looks at it from the functional point of view.* _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a munity.* ___________ refers to the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.* Competence is a form of “knowing”。 ________________ is a set of possibilities for “doing”.* Linguistics involves such branches as ___________, __________, ___________, ______, _________. Questions on Lecture III * Langue is not suitable for study. * Parole is always a naturally occurring event. * Langue is subject to personal and situational limits. * A person39。s petence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. * A speaker39。s performance does not always match his petence. * The object of study is the ideal speaker39。s petence. * Linguistic potential actually refers to a lot of possibilities to choose from. * The linguistic potential vs actual linguistic behavior distinction is one between what a person “knows” and what he “does”. 習(xí)題2Exercises for Lecture IV* _______ and ______ are the two major media used by natural languages for munication. * The limited range of sounds which are meaningful amp。 of interest to phoneticians are called ______________ of L.* Phonetics is the study of phonic medium of language, ., the study of the __________, ____________ and ___________ of speech sounds.* Phonetics studies speech sounds from three different angles. Accordingly, it can be further classified into three subbranches: __________ phonetics, ________ phonetics and ________ phonetics.* The speech organs are also called the ____________, whose secondary use is to produce _____________.Exercises for Lecture IV* The speech organs are contained in three important areas or cavities: the ________________, the ________ and the___________.* At the top of the trachea is the ______, the front of which is the Adam’s apple.* The ____ cavity makes the greatest modification of speech sounds.* Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called ______________.* [f, s, p] are of the ________________. * __________ are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air stream and may be either voiced or voiceless.Exercises for Lecture IV* For __________ consonants, the obstruction takes place between the lower lip and the front upper teeth. * ________ consonants are made by pletely shutting up the air passage at some points in the mouth and lowering the soft palate to let the air go out through the nose. * That different Ls have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ________. * ________ are produced in Sindhi which uses the pharynx air to push down the larynx so that the air is sucked into the mouth.* The _____ of a sound depends on the rate of vibration of the vocal cordsExercises for Lecture IV* Phonetics also studies the sound of one’s cough. * Phonetics is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. * The branch of phonetics which studies the perception of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics. * When the vocal cords are held tightly, there is only a narrow passage between them. This is the position when one is breathing normally. * All vowels and no consonants are produced with the vibration of vocal cords. * Glottal stop occurs in the English language.* The English spoken sounds, like any other language, are generally divided into two main classes: vowels and consonants. Exercises for Lecture IV* Speech sounds are limited in number. * Of the two media of language, writing is more basic than speech. * Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.* Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, . we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.習(xí)題3Exercises * Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.* The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.* The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.* Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.* Phonetically, the stress of a pound always falls on the second element, while the first element receives secondary stress.The affix “ish” in the word boyish conveys a g__________ meaning. * B____ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be bined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.* D_______ affixes are added to a form to create words.* The rules governing which affix are added to what type of stem to form new words are m___________ rules.* In terms of morphemic analysis, c___________ can be viewed as the bination of two or more than two words to create new words.Exercises * The morpheme “vision” in the mon word “television” is a(n) ___. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme * The part of speech of the pound is generally determined by the part of speech of ___. A. the first element B. the second element C. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second element* ____is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Exercises * ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes