freepeople性欧美熟妇, 色戒完整版无删减158分钟hd, 无码精品国产vα在线观看DVD, 丰满少妇伦精品无码专区在线观看,艾栗栗与纹身男宾馆3p50分钟,国产AV片在线观看,黑人与美女高潮,18岁女RAPPERDISSSUBS,国产手机在机看影片

正文內(nèi)容

營銷的創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造價值(已修改)

2025-06-09 00:38 本頁面
 

【正文】 營銷和創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造價值 The principle of MarketingPeter Drucker says, “because its purpose is to create a customer, the business has twoand only two functions: marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation create value, all the rest are costs.”:“企業(yè)的目的是要創(chuàng)造顧客,所以它只有兩個職能:營銷和創(chuàng)新。營銷和創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造價值,而其他所有的都只是成本?!盋hapter 1 The principle of MarketingTeaching objectivesl Define the term marketingl Describe five marketing management philosophiesl Discuss the differences between selling and marketing conceptl Grasp the marketing management processProfessional terms marketing 市場營銷 seller 賣者 product 產(chǎn)品 service 服務(wù) selling 推銷 human needs 人類需要 relationship 關(guān)系 individual 個人 organization 組織 target markets 目標(biāo)市場 production concept 生產(chǎn)觀念 selling concept 推銷觀念 societal marketing concept社會市場營銷觀念market 市場 buyer 買者 exchange 交換 potential buyer 潛在消費者 advertising 廣告 sale 銷售 stiff petition 激烈的競爭 profit 利潤 groups 團體 credit 信譽,信用 marketing activities營銷活動 product concept 產(chǎn)品觀念 marketing concept 營銷觀念 Precase 福特的T型車20世紀(jì)初,汽車是由技術(shù)工人手工打造而成的,成本較高,因而價格難以下降,汽車成了地位的象征,擁有汽車只是少數(shù)人的特權(quán)。福特的貢獻(xiàn)在于他把汽車變成了普通商品。美國福特汽車公司是1903年由亨利福特與詹姆斯卡曾斯、道奇兄弟等創(chuàng)辦,由福特任總經(jīng)理。1903年到1908年之間,并按字母順序?qū)⑺鼈兠麨锳型車到S型車,其中有一些只是試驗性車型,從未向公眾推出。有的有兩個或四個氣缸,甚至六個氣缸;有的使用鏈?zhǔn)絺鲃友b置,有的則是輪式傳動裝置。這些汽車最終成了T型車的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。T型車于1908年10月1日推出,很快就令千百萬美國人著迷。第一年,T型車的產(chǎn)量達(dá)到10660輛,創(chuàng)下了汽車行業(yè)的紀(jì)錄。1912年福特公司聘用詹姆斯庫茲恩任總經(jīng)理。庫茲恩上任后實施了三項決策。一是對“T型車”做出降價的決定,即1910年定的售價950美元降到850美元以下;二是按每輛“T型車”850美元售價的目標(biāo),著手改革公司內(nèi)部的生產(chǎn)線,在占地面積為278英畝的新廠中首先采用現(xiàn)代化的大規(guī)模裝配作業(yè)線,“T型車”,大幅度地降低成本;三是在全世界設(shè)置7000多家代銷商,廣設(shè)銷售網(wǎng)點。這三項決策的成功,使“T型車”沖向全世界,市場占有率占美國汽車行業(yè)之首。福特T型車的問世具有劃時代的意義,它使得大多數(shù)的普通人們都可以擁有屬于自己的汽車,人們的旅行從馬車時代一下子跨越到了機器時代,無論是旅行的距離還是旅行的舒適程度都比以前有了巨大的進(jìn)步。T型車不僅僅只是一個鋼鐵、橡膠、木材和玻璃的組合體,與同期誕生的其它事物相比,它更可以稱得上是一種傳奇,是一種代表了北美自由開放的社會文化。在德國大眾公司的“甲克蟲”誕生之前,福特T型車可以說是真正意義上的“大眾車”。鑒于此,1999年12月18日晚T型車被國際世紀(jì)車評選委員會授予迄今為止最偉大的汽車獎項-“世紀(jì)車”的桂冠,以表彰它對全世界的影響和貢獻(xiàn),T型車的發(fā)明者亨利福特先生也因為他對世界汽車工業(yè)和人類個人交通的偉大貢獻(xiàn)被選為“世紀(jì)汽車企業(yè)家”。1919年,亨利福特獨占福特公司,庫茲恩被解雇,福特自任總經(jīng)理。福特一方面采用低價策略,1924年,每輛“T型車”售價已降到240美元,1926年福特車產(chǎn)量已占美國汽車產(chǎn)量的1/2;另一方面又提出“不管顧客需要什么,我的車都是黑的”,實行以產(chǎn)定銷的策略,以“黑色車來作為福特汽車公司的象征。結(jié)果,“T型車”在競爭中日益失利,1927年5月終于停產(chǎn)。1928年,福特汽車公司的市場占有率被通用汽車公司超過,退居第二位。美國通用汽車公司于1908年成立,由杜邦財團控制。1928年以前,它是市場占有率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于福特汽車公司的一個弱手。1921年斯隆就職于通用汽車公司,針對當(dāng)時通用汽車公司松散的權(quán)力分散狀況寫了《組織研究》一文,提出了“集中決策控制下的分散作業(yè)”,使集權(quán)和分權(quán)得到很好平衡。1923年,斯隆任通用汽車公司總經(jīng)理,改革了經(jīng)營組織,使公司高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人抓經(jīng)營、抓戰(zhàn)略性決策,日常的管理工作由事業(yè)部去完成。同時,提出“汽車形式多樣化”的經(jīng)營方針,以滿足各階層消費者的需要。1923年市場占有率僅12%,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于福特汽車公司;1928年市場占有率達(dá)到30%以上,超過福特汽車公司,1956年市場占有率達(dá)53%,成為美國最大的汽車公司。問題思考:(1)“T型車”最初的成功靠的是什么?又是什么原因?qū)е铝似渫司佣??結(jié)合案例談?wù)劆I銷理念對企業(yè)經(jīng)營成敗的重要作用。(2)營銷理念的類型有哪些?現(xiàn)代企業(yè)應(yīng)樹立怎樣的營銷理念? The development of marketing Market What’s Market?Originally the term market stood for the place where buyers and sellers gathered to exchange their goods. Economists use the term to refer to a collection of buyers and sellers who transact in a particular product class. In the marketing terms, a market can be defined as the set of all actual and potential buyers of a product or service. This definition suggests that a market is the total value and/or volume of products that satisfy the same customer need. Knowledgesl 從市場的本義看,市場是商品交換的場所。l 從市場的性質(zhì)看,市場是一切商品交換活動和交換關(guān)系的總和。l 從市場營銷學(xué)的角度看,市場是一種商品和勞務(wù)的所有現(xiàn)實的和潛在的消費者需求的總和。For example, if the customer need is “eat breakfast”, then the relevant market could be defined as the “Breakfast Food Market”. Many products would be relevant to measuring and analyzing such a market: Breakfast Cereals Nutrition Bars Porridge / Oats Speciality Breads (. croissants) Fastfood Outlets serving breakfastRelevant LinksChinese consumer goods market to rank second behind . by 2015China will overtake Japan, Germany, Britain and Italy to bee the world39。s second biggest consumer goods market behind the United States by 2015, according to the findings of a survey by Credit Suisse, one of the world39。s leading investment banks. The Swissbased bank estimates that Chinese consumption will account for percent of the total consumption among major economies in 2015, while the . consumption will account for percent. (Source:) The ponent of marketThe size of a market depends on the number of people who exhibit the need, have resources to engage in exchange, and are willing to exchange these resources for what they want. There are two types of customers that engage in business exchanges. First there are organizational buyers, who purchases goods and services for business, government agencies, and other institutions, such as hospitals and schools. Organizational buyers purchase goods and services to run their own panies or to sell them to other organizations or consumers. Second, there are ultimate consumers, who use the goods and services purchased for a household. Figure shows a simple marketing system.InformationCommunicationProducts/servicesMoneyIndustry(a collection of sellers)Market(a collection of buyers)Figure A simple marketing system(source:philip Kotler,Principles of Marketing, Fiwancial Times Prentice Hall,2002,)Knowledgesl 市場的大小取決于人口、購買力和購買意向。l 消費者可分為組織消費者和個人消費者兩種類型。l 消費者是買方,構(gòu)成了市場,企業(yè)是賣方,構(gòu)成了行業(yè)。 The classification of marketThe pany needs to study five types of customer markets closely. Consumer markets consist of individuals and households that buy goods and services for personal consumption. Business markets buy goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process, whereas reseller markets buy goods and services to resell at a profit. Government markets are made up of government agencies that buy goods and services to produce public services or transfer the goods and services to others who need them. Finally, international markets consist of these buyers
點擊復(fù)制文檔內(nèi)容
公司管理相關(guān)推薦
文庫吧 www.dybbs8.com
公安備案圖鄂ICP備17016276號-1