【正文】 畢業(yè)論文（2010年4月13日初稿，第1次修改）題目這里需斟酌！你論文中還寫了詞法了！Sentence Characteristics and Translation Skills in Business Contract 1 on international business contracts 2 and main features of contracts and international business contracts 2 General study on legal language and contract language 4 criteria 4 General translation criteria 4 Specific criteria for contractual translation 5嚴(yán)格講詞法的內(nèi)容，還不算Sentence Characteristics analysis of EC translation of IBC 6 Lexical level 7 Translation of synonyms 7 Translation of old English words 9 Translation of standard terms 12 Translation of time words 13 Syntactic level 14 Readjustment of sentence elements 15 Adjusting the subject 15 Adjusting the object 16 Adjusting the predicative 16 Translation of the verbal group in the form of “Shall+V.” 17 Translation of passive sentences 18 Translation of conditional clauses 20 Requirements for translators of IBC 22 24References 25 In presentday mercial economic society with the trend of globalization, businesses around the world spare no effort to market their products and services into the world marketplace, thus, they always involve the signing of contracts, to be more specifically, the signing of international business contracts (IBC). If a pany is to strike a triumphal move into the world market, it is essential and vital for it to translate all the relevant documents into the target language, of course, including the contracts. It is important to ensure that the translated international business contracts are not only linguistically accurate, but also in conformity with the purpose of the original text. Any inappropriate or even distorted translation of contracts does mean that businesses have to risk a loss.（INTRODUCTION是論文的引入部分，重點(diǎn)從語言特點(diǎn)和翻譯學(xué)角度介紹論文的背景、研究范圍、相關(guān)概念、前人研究的一些情況等，你這里還可在仔細(xì)斟酌、完善一下，你的寫的太少、太簡單了?。? on international business contractsIn order to have an overall cognition and an impressive understanding in this regard, we should first be aware of, respectively, the basic concepts of contract and IBC as well as their main features. and main features of contracts and international business contractsEvery country in the world has its own definition of contract. Following are the two different descriptions of definitions of contract defined by the laws of China and America respectively. The Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China defines contract as follows: “A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between equal natural persons, legal persons and other organization.” While the American one is according to Restatement (second) of Contracts (American Law Institute, 1981), a contract, in technical terms, is “a promise or set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.” Through the two definitions of contract above, it is not hard to pinpoint the general features of contract, they are (1) a contract is a kind of legal conduct enforced by law (2) a contract is an agreement between both parties or among several parties (3) a contract is a kind of civil conduct enforced by law and based on the equality and willingness between parties.It is selfevident that IBC is one part of contract, certainly, the general definition and features of contract also hold true for IBC. However, there still exist its own definition and distinctive features of IBC. An international business contract, in the simplest terms, is a promise or a set of promises made by two or more parties from different countries for the purpose of transacting business. An IBC may be oral or written as stipulated in Article 11 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods. But in China any contract is required to be in the form of writing including contracts across country borders. So, as far as this thesis is concerned, IBC refer to those evidenced by writing.In order to present IBC’s definition further with its scope of application, it is necessary to propose the main features of IBC (take China for example), they are (1) the contracting subjects either one or both have no Chinese nationality (2) the contracting objects locate out of Chinese territory or beyond Chinese boundary(3) some contracting facts enforced by law occur out of Chinese territory. General study on legal language and contract language Every field of expertise develops its own language features. (Gibbons, 2003:36) In the legislative and judicial activities, legal language is a variant of the national language. Legal language refers to the language used in the legal field for legal documents such as decrees, statues, modity warranty, insurance policies, wills and testaments, business contracts, etc. All of these legal documents are concerned with rights and obligations。 they are very formal and impersonal, which gives no sense of emotional feeling, personal opinions and judgments. They leave an impression of objectivity and impartiality on people.補(bǔ)全這個(gè)標(biāo)題！As a subvariety of legal language, contract language is an important branch of legal language. Being a language for special purpose, contract language has its distinctive linguistic features solemnity, preciseness and accuracy. criteriaAs long as we set some criteria or norms in doing something, we can master the rules to perform well and perfect our work. This is true of translation. The criteria of translation have been set by many profound experts, thus, only have the knowledge of those standards can we perform translation well. General translation criteriaGeneral translation criteria refer to the principles that translators must abide by during translation practices, which also are the rules to assess the quality of transla