【正文】 On Translation of WTO DocumentsCONTENTSABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………iCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION………………………………………………1 Background Information…………………………………………………2 The World Trade Organization ……………………………………2 The WTO Documents……………………………………………………3 China and the WTO……………………………………………………6 Significance of the Translation of the WTO Documents…………8 Study Methods ……………………………………………………………8CHAPTER TWO AN INVESTIGATION OF TRANSLATION THEORIES…9 The Current Theoretical Controversy………………………………9 Traditional Chinese Translation Theories ………………………10 Current Western Translation Theories ……………………………11 A New Approach to Translation Studies……………………………13CHAPTER THREE FEATURES OF THE WTO DOCUMENTS………………15 Lexical Features ………………………………………………………15 Preference for Formal Words ……………………………………15 Common Words with Special Meaning ……………………………17 Frequent Employment of Archaic Words…………………………19 Employment of Loan Words and Phrases…………………………21 Employment of Acronyms and Initialisms………………………22 Semantic Features………………………………………………………25 Frequent Use of Synonyms and Parallel Structures…………25 Preference for Nominalization……………………………………27 Grammatical Features……………………………………………………29 Frequent Employment of Long Complicated Sentences………………………………………29 Preference for Modal Verbs………………………………………31 Constant Use of Notes and Footnotes……………………………33CHAPTER FOUR TRANSLATION SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES……………35 Criteria for WTO Translation……………………………………………35 Literal Translation and Liberal Translation………………………36 Giving Priority to Literal Translation……………………………37 Techniques in Translation of the WTO Documents…………………38 Repetition…………………………………………………………… 39 Amplification…………………………………………………………42 Omission……………………………………………………………… 43 Conversion…………………………………………………………… 44 Inversion………………………………………………………………46 Division ………………………………………………………………48 Negation ………………………………………………………………50 The Change of Voices ………………………………………………53CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION ………………………………………………55BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………57ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………58摘要中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織已近三年，其間既有沖擊也帶來了機遇。與此同時，全國上下掀起了一陣翻譯熱潮，國民對于翻譯WTO文件的要求與日劇增。本文分析研究WTO文件的語言特征，著眼于為WTO文件的翻譯提供系統(tǒng)的翻譯技巧框架。 本文共分五章。第一章為簡介，介紹世界貿(mào)易組織的背景，WTO文件的內(nèi)容，本課題的研究意義以及研究方法。第二章概述翻譯理論。第三章重點分析WTO文件的語言特征。第四章討論翻譯的標準以及八項翻譯技巧在WTO文件翻譯中的應(yīng)用。最后一章為整篇論文作出結(jié)論。關(guān)鍵詞：世界貿(mào)易組織，文件，翻譯，特征，技巧ABSTRACTThe past three years after China’s accession to the WTO has witnessed both the impact and the opportunities for this nation. At the same time, the demand for translating the WTO documents has surged in the nation wide. This thesis investigates the linguistic features of the WTO documents and aims to present a systematic frame of techniques for the translation of the WTO documents. It consists of five chapters. Chapter One is a brief introduction, which presents the background information about the WTO, the categories of the WTO documents, the significance of the translation, and study methods. Chapter Two is devoted to an investigation of translation theories. Chapter Three focuses on the linguistic features of the WTO Documents. Chapter Four discusses the criteria for translation and eight techniques in the translation of the WTO Documents. The last chapter draws a general conclusion for the whole thesis.Key Words: WTO, documents, translation, feature, techniqueChapter 1 IntroductionOn 11th December 2001, 30 days after notifying the DirectorGeneral that it had pleted domestic ratification of its accession package, China became the 143rd member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Just as Mike Moore, WTO’s exDirectorGeneral, mented, “This is a historic moment for the WTO, for China and for international economic cooperation”. The past three years after China’s entry into the WTO has witnessed both the impact and the opportunities for this nation. At the same time, the need of the WTO documents translation has gone through an upsurge. Scholars and translators in this field have been loaded down with the task. Admittedly, that is an arduous task, since an authorized Chinese version is elementary not only for the government but also for the enterprises, even for civilians. With the translated version, the government will accordingly amend and draft laws and regulations。 the enterprises will adjust its managing style and operating strategies。 the civilians will pay attention to the economic activities in their daily life. As a result, China will deepen its reform and open wider to the rest of the world. In turn, this economy “is bound to enhance global economic cooperation”[1] Mike Moore, November 2001 [1].So far only a few books can be counted for authorized translated legal texts in this field, and fewer still, if any, has made study on relevant translation skills. One of them is The Legal Texts: The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, published by Law Press in October 2001. The title of this book indicates that WTO documents are mainly legal texts in respect of trade and economy. That has imposed great difficulties on translators. A study on the unique features of the WTO documents and the translations techniques is no doubt helpful to the important task of translating such documents. And that is exactly what this paper is meant to do based on the abovementioned authorized works. Background Information The World Trade OrganizationThe World Trade Organization came into being in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) created in the wake of the Second World War. Both the GATT and the WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous trading system contributing to unprecedented growth. The system