【正文】 同等學(xué)力申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位論文論我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度的立法完善導(dǎo)師：朱凡副教授作者：李云霞中國(guó)重慶二○○七年九月內(nèi)容摘要無(wú)效婚姻問(wèn)題是我國(guó)長(zhǎng)期存在的一個(gè)社會(huì)問(wèn)題。2001 年我國(guó)修訂《婚姻法》，在結(jié)婚一章中，增加了第 112 條關(guān)于狹義無(wú)效婚姻和可撤銷婚姻的規(guī)定，從而在我國(guó)正式建立起無(wú)效婚姻制度，這是我國(guó)婚姻立法的一大進(jìn)步。但是，該制度在具體設(shè)計(jì)上并不完善，這主要是因?yàn)楸敬涡抻喼皇菍?duì)婚姻法的過(guò)渡性修改，即針對(duì)我國(guó)婚姻家庭領(lǐng)域的現(xiàn)狀，對(duì)急需解決的問(wèn)題，做必要的補(bǔ)充和修改，立法的主要目的在于建立起制度，完善結(jié)婚立法的結(jié)構(gòu)體系，給司法實(shí)踐提供法律依據(jù)，至于其內(nèi)容還有待在實(shí)踐中進(jìn)一步充實(shí)和完善。本文旨在通過(guò)對(duì)無(wú)效婚姻制度起源與發(fā)展的研究，我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度現(xiàn)狀和原因的分析，國(guó)外有關(guān)無(wú)效婚姻制度立法經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)，我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度不足的探討，明確應(yīng)將制裁違法行為與保護(hù)相關(guān)當(dāng)事人基本民事權(quán)益并重作為我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度的價(jià)值趨向，并提出從立法上完善我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度的一些粗淺設(shè)想。本文第一部分著重?cái)⑹隽藷o(wú)效婚姻的概念，廣義及狹義無(wú)效婚姻的范圍，無(wú)效婚姻所具有的特征，以及狹義無(wú)效婚姻與可撤銷婚姻在違法程度、認(rèn)定的程序和方式、法律后果等方面存在的差別。簡(jiǎn)述無(wú)效婚姻制度的起源和發(fā)展史，并通過(guò)我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度立法情況的介紹，指出我國(guó)增設(shè)無(wú)效婚姻制度是一個(gè)適應(yīng)形勢(shì)需要的正確且明智之舉，填補(bǔ)了我國(guó)婚姻立法的空白，不論從法律規(guī)范的角度，還是從法律制度的完整性角度，不論是從中國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要考慮，還是從司法實(shí)踐的需要考慮，都是十分必要的。同時(shí)闡明，我國(guó)增設(shè)無(wú)效婚姻制度具有重要意義，表現(xiàn)在完善了我國(guó)的結(jié)婚制度，維護(hù)了婚姻法的嚴(yán)肅性和權(quán)威性，增強(qiáng)了法律對(duì)結(jié)婚行為的調(diào)整作用，為司法實(shí)踐中正確處理婚姻糾紛提供了法律依據(jù)，使我國(guó)的《婚姻法》能更好地與國(guó)際接軌。第二部分是按照僅設(shè)狹義無(wú)效婚姻制度國(guó)家、僅設(shè)可撤銷婚姻制度國(guó)家、兼采狹義無(wú)效婚姻與可撤銷婚姻制度國(guó)家這三種分類，對(duì)目前世界上較有代表性國(guó)家的無(wú)效婚姻制度進(jìn)行比較研究。以法國(guó)、俄羅斯、意大利以及美國(guó)各州為例，簡(jiǎn)述僅設(shè)狹義無(wú)效婚姻制度國(guó)家的一般規(guī)定，以及它們都規(guī)定了無(wú)效婚姻請(qǐng)求權(quán)行使的期限或排除條件、都采取宣告婚姻無(wú)效、對(duì)善意配偶和子女一般均給予一定程度的保護(hù)等共同之處。以德國(guó) 1998 年5 月通過(guò)的《重新規(guī)范結(jié)婚法的法律》（1998 年 7 月 1 日生效）為例，歸納總結(jié)僅設(shè)可撤銷婚姻國(guó)家與僅設(shè)狹義無(wú)效婚姻國(guó)家所具有的三個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，即它們?cè)谠O(shè)置上都屬單軌制國(guó)家，都不對(duì)狹義無(wú)效婚姻與可撤銷婚姻進(jìn)行區(qū)分；在程序上都必須經(jīng)過(guò)法院宣告；在法律后果處理上有很多相似的地方。以瑞士、日本、英國(guó)為例，概述其無(wú)效婚姻制度的共性，分述其在狹義無(wú)效婚姻與可撤銷婚姻的法定理由、無(wú)效婚姻的認(rèn)定程序和法律后果等方面各不相同的規(guī)定。第三部分闡明我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度是借鑒了外國(guó)立法通例，采用的是狹義無(wú)效婚姻與可撤銷婚姻并行的二元結(jié)構(gòu)，即雙軌制設(shè)置，分類上把重婚、有禁止結(jié)婚的親屬關(guān)系、婚前患有醫(yī)學(xué)上認(rèn)為不應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)婚的疾病而婚后尚未治愈、未到法定婚齡歸為狹義無(wú)效婚姻，把因脅迫結(jié)婚歸為可撤銷婚姻。并對(duì)我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度在無(wú)效婚姻的時(shí)效期限、申請(qǐng)權(quán)主體、有權(quán)作出宣告的機(jī)關(guān)、無(wú)效婚姻的審理、宣告的法律后果、法律責(zé)任以及財(cái)產(chǎn)處理等方面的規(guī)定作簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明。通過(guò)分析，指出我國(guó)現(xiàn)行無(wú)效婚姻制度并不完善，其核心缺乏婚姻法應(yīng)有的人文關(guān)懷精神，主要還存在無(wú)效婚姻制度的設(shè)定缺乏原則性規(guī)定、宣告婚姻無(wú)效的雙軌制缺陷、對(duì)狹義無(wú)效婚姻案件的審理適用何種審判程序沒(méi)有明確規(guī)定、無(wú)效婚姻責(zé)任主體的法律責(zé)任不全面、對(duì)配偶未區(qū)分善意與惡意、無(wú)效婚姻當(dāng)事人所生子女的法律地位不明確等缺陷或者說(shuō)不盡如人意之處。第四部分主要根據(jù)我國(guó)國(guó)情以及我國(guó)婚姻法的本土特點(diǎn)，針對(duì)我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度的不足，在學(xué)習(xí)借鑒外國(guó)有關(guān)無(wú)效婚姻制度立法經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合個(gè)案分析，提出七條有關(guān)完善我國(guó)無(wú)效婚姻制度的立法建議。主要是，從內(nèi)容上看，應(yīng)將狹義無(wú)效婚姻的種類縮小為重婚和有禁止結(jié)婚的親屬關(guān)系兩種、擴(kuò)大可撤銷婚姻的范圍為婚前患有醫(yī)學(xué)上認(rèn)為不應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)婚的疾病而婚后尚未治愈、未達(dá)到法定婚齡、違背當(dāng)事人的真實(shí)意思等三種。應(yīng)將確認(rèn)和宣告婚姻無(wú)效的機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)一步明確為人民法院。應(yīng)規(guī)定狹義無(wú)效婚姻案件的審判適用特別程序。應(yīng)根據(jù)無(wú)效婚姻的原因，分別規(guī)定請(qǐng)求無(wú)效婚姻的主體范圍。應(yīng)當(dāng)區(qū)別狹義無(wú)效婚姻與可撤銷婚姻的法律后果，規(guī)定可撤銷婚姻不具有溯及既往的效力，而對(duì)狹義無(wú)效婚姻的法律后果采取有部分追溯力。應(yīng)確立無(wú)效婚姻救濟(jì)制度，一方面要建立無(wú)效婚姻經(jīng)濟(jì)幫助制度，給予無(wú)效婚姻中生活困難一方經(jīng)濟(jì)上的幫助；另一方面要建立無(wú)效婚姻損害賠償制度，使無(wú)效婚姻中的無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)方有權(quán)請(qǐng)求有過(guò)錯(cuò)方就其損害進(jìn)行賠償。應(yīng)注重對(duì)無(wú)效婚姻中所生子女的法律保護(hù)，給予他們婚生子女同樣的法律地位。關(guān)鍵詞： 無(wú)效婚姻制度 狹義無(wú)效婚姻 可撤銷婚姻AbstractThe invalid marriage problem is existent social problem of the our countrylongterm. The our country revised in 2001 《 the marriage method 》 , in getmarried aly, increase 10,11 and 12 concerning invalid marriage of narrowsense and the marriage that can cancel of provision, thus at our country the formalestablishment rose the invalid marriage system, this is our country marriagelawmaking of one big progress.But, that system is not perfect on the concrete design, this mainly is becausethis time the emendation is just to modify to the transition of the marriage method.This text aim is passing the research to the origins of the invalid marriage systemand development, to the our country invalid marriage system present conditionand the analysis of the reasons, to the empirical summary of concerning theinvalid marriage system lawmaking of abroad, the invalid marriage system tothe our country the foundation of study of the shortage up, put forward perfectfrom the lawmaking our country invalid marriage system of some superficialconceive.This text the first part emphasized to describe the broad sense concept of theinvalid marriage and narrow sense invalid marriage, the characteristic that invalidmarriage have, invalid marriage of narrow sense and the differentiation thatcan cancel the marriage. Combine the lawmaking circumstance of the origins andthe development history and the our country invalid marriage system that thesynopsis explains the invalid marriage system, point out that the our countryincreases to establish the invalid marriage system to is an orientation situation toneed right and wise of raise, fill up the our country marriage the blank of thelawmaking, is very necessary. At the same time, clarify the our country to increaseto establish the invalid marriage system, at perfect our country of matrimonysystem, the maintenance serious and authorities of the marriage method,strengthen the law to get married behavior of the adjustment function importantmeaning of etc..The second part can cancel the marriage system nation according toestablishing the invalid marriage of narrow sense system nation only andestablishing only, and adapt from to start the invalid marriage and can cancelnational this 3 kinds of classifications of marriage, to have the representative theinvalid marriage system of the nation to carry on more in the world currently thanthe research.The third part points out that invalid marriage system of our country establish,is to draw lessons from the foreign lawmaking generally accepted rules, what toadopt is invalid marriage of narrow sense with can cancel the marriage toproceed together of two dollar structure, then the double track system constitution,and to the legal situation of the invalid marriage, had the power to make a theorganization of the announce, invalid take up, announce marriage of the provisionof the law result, the law responsibility and the property processing etc. make thesynopsis out finally, the invalid marriage system of our country isnot perfect, its core lacks the humanities concern spirit that the marriage methodshould have, mainly still existing six shortage.Fourpart cent mainly according to our state of the nation, aim at the blemishof the our country invalid marriage system, draw lessons from the constitution ofthe foreign invalid marriage system, bine the individual cases analysis, putforward should contract the category, extension of the invalid marriage ofnarrow sense and can cancel the scope