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大數(shù)據(jù)英文閱讀32(已修改)

2025-04-28 23:13 本頁(yè)面
 

【正文】 Buildingwithbigdata數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代Thedatarevolutionischangingthelandscapeofbusiness數(shù)據(jù)革命正在重塑商業(yè)格局INAshortstorycalled“OnExactitudeinScience”,JorgeLuisBorgesdescribedanempireinwhichcartographersbecamesoobsessivethattheyproducedamapasbigastheempireitself.Thiswassocumbersomethatfuturegenerationsleftittodisintegrate.(“[I]nthewesterndeserts,tatteredfragmentsofthemaparestilltobefound,shelteringsomeoccasionalbeastorbeggar.”)博爾赫斯在短篇故事《關(guān)于科學(xué)的精確性》中寫道:帝國(guó)的制圖者們?nèi)绱似珗?zhí),以至于繪制了一幅與帝國(guó)面積同等大小的地圖。這副地圖毫無(wú)實(shí)用價(jià)值,帝國(guó)的后人們最終將其丟棄,任其腐爛。(“在西部的沙漠中,地圖的碎片不時(shí)可見(jiàn),有些已經(jīng)變成了野獸和乞丐的庇護(hù)所?!保〢susual,therealityofthedigitalageisoutpacingfiction.Lastyearpeoplestoredenough wk_ad_begin({pid : 21})。wk_ad_after(21, function(){$(39。.adhidden39。).hide()。}, function(){$(39。.adhidden39。).show()。})。 datatofill60,000LibrariesofCongress.Theworld’s4billionmobilephoneusers(12%ofwhomownsmartphones)haveturnedthemselvesintodatastreams.YouTubeclaimstoreceive24hoursofvideoeveryminute.Manufacturershaveembedded30msensorsintotheirproducts,convertingmutebitsofmetalintodatageneratingnodesintheinternetofthings.Thenumberofsmartphonesisincreasingby20%ayearandthenumberofsensorsby30%.數(shù)字時(shí)代的發(fā)展已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了人們的想象。人們?cè)谌ツ暌荒甏鎯?chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)足以塞滿6萬(wàn)個(gè)國(guó)會(huì)圖書館。地球上的40億手機(jī)用戶(其中12%為智能手機(jī)用戶)夜以繼日地生成著新的數(shù)據(jù)。Youtube聲稱每分鐘能接收到(用戶上傳)的視頻內(nèi)容時(shí)長(zhǎng)達(dá)24小時(shí)。制造商們?cè)谒麄兊漠a(chǎn)品中植入了3千萬(wàn)個(gè)傳感器,將各種本來(lái)相互孤立的設(shè)備轉(zhuǎn)化為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中的一個(gè)個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)。智能手機(jī)和傳感器的數(shù)量正分別以每年20%和39%的速度遞增。TheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute(MGI)hasnoBorgeslikequalmsaboutthevalueofallthesedata.Inasuitablyfactpackednewreport,“Bigdata:thenextfrontierforinnovation,petitionandproductivity”,MGIarguesthatdataarebeingafactorofproduction,likephysicalorhumancapital.Companiesthatcanharnessbigdatawilltrampledatainpetents.Dataequity,tocoinaphrase,willbeeasimportantasbrandequity.MGIinsiststhatthisisnotjustidlefuturology:businessesarealreadyadaptingtobigdata.麥肯錫全球研究所(McKinseyGlobalInstitute,以下簡(jiǎn)稱MGI)對(duì)如今的巨量數(shù)據(jù)持正面態(tài)度,絲毫沒(méi)有博爾赫斯式的擔(dān)憂。MGI在其最新報(bào)告《大數(shù)據(jù):創(chuàng)新,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和生產(chǎn)力的下一個(gè)前沿》中指出:數(shù)據(jù)正日益成為與實(shí)物資本和人力資源同等重要的生產(chǎn)要素。善于利用數(shù)據(jù)的公司將在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中占據(jù)先機(jī),數(shù)據(jù)價(jià)值的重要性將日益與品牌價(jià)值比肩。MGI堅(jiān)稱,這不是空洞的未來(lái)學(xué),商業(yè)活動(dòng)正逐漸適應(yīng)充斥海量數(shù)據(jù)的新環(huán)境。Companiesareassemblingmoredetailedpicturesoftheircustomersthaneverbefore.Tesco,aBritishretailer,collectsbillionnuggetsofdataeverymonthandusesthemtoadjustpricesandpromotions.WilliamsSonoma,anAmericanretailer,usesitsknowledgeofits60mcustomers(whichincludessuchdetailsastheirineandthevalueoftheirhouses)toproducedifferentiterationsofitscatalogue.Amazon,anonlineretailer,hasclaimedthat30%ofitssalesaregeneratedbyitsremendationengine(“youmayalsolike”).Themobilerevolutionaddsanewdimensiontocustomertargeting.CompaniessuchasAmerica’sPlacecastaredevelopingtechnologiesthatallowthemtotrackpotentialconsumersandsendthementicingofferswhentheygetwithinafewyardsofaStarbucks.公司對(duì)顧客的了解愈加細(xì)致,這是過(guò)去從未有過(guò)的。英國(guó)零售企業(yè)樂(lè)購(gòu)(Tesco)每月可以收集15億條珍貴的信息,并據(jù)此來(lái)調(diào)整價(jià)格和進(jìn)行促銷。美國(guó)零售商威廉姆斯一索諾瑪(WilliamsSonoma)利用已有的6000萬(wàn)顧客的信息(包括他們的收入和房屋價(jià)值)來(lái)擬定不同版本的銷售目錄。網(wǎng)絡(luò)商城亞馬遜(Amazon)聲稱他們30%的銷售收入來(lái)自于名為“youmayalsolike”的推薦引擎。移動(dòng)通信革命催生了嶄新的目標(biāo)客戶營(yíng)銷手段。在美國(guó),Placecast和類似公司正在開(kāi)發(fā)新的技術(shù),以幫助他們來(lái)定位潛在顧客,并在他們接近商戶時(shí)向其發(fā)送具有吸引力的廣告。 Thedatarevolutionisdisruptingestablishedindustriesandbusinessmodels.ITfirmsarenosingtheirwayintothehealthcaremarket:GoogleHealthandMicrosoftHealthVaultbothallowconsumerstotracktheirhealthandrecordtheirtreatments.Manufacturersarehasteningtheirtransformationintoservicepanies:allthosesensorsallowthemtomonitortheirproductsandseeiftheyneedrepairinglongbeforetheybreakdown.BMWusessensordatatotellitscustomerswhentheircarsneedtobeserviced,forexample.Insurancefirmscannowmonitorthedrivingstylesoftheircustomersandofferthemratesbasedontheirpetence(orrecklessness)ratherthantheirageandsex.數(shù)據(jù)革命正給各行各業(yè)和已有商業(yè)模式帶來(lái)沖擊。IT公司正將他們的觸角伸向保健領(lǐng)域——人們已經(jīng)能夠通過(guò)GoogleHealth和MicrosoftHealthVault提供的服務(wù)來(lái)跟蹤自己的健康狀況并保存醫(yī)療記錄。制造商們正加速轉(zhuǎn)型為服務(wù)商——產(chǎn)品中植入的傳感器使得廠商能夠監(jiān)控自己的產(chǎn)品,以及時(shí)對(duì)其進(jìn)行修理。寶馬就是其中之一,該公司通過(guò)監(jiān)控傳感器數(shù)據(jù),即時(shí)提醒客戶對(duì)車輛進(jìn)行維護(hù)。通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè),保險(xiǎn)公司現(xiàn)在能夠監(jiān)控投保人的駕駛習(xí)慣,從而可以根據(jù)其行為模式——而非性別或年齡——來(lái)制定差別化的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率。Thisrevolutionischanginggovernment,too.Taxauthoritiesaregettingbetteratspottingspongers(forexample,byflaggingpeoplewhoclaimunemploymentpayaswellasoccupationalinjurybenefits).Healthservicesareminingclinicaldatatogaugethecosteffectivenessofdrugs.Afteradetailedstudyofitsclients,theGermanFederalLabourAgencymanagedtocutitsannualspendingby€10billion($14billion)overthreeyearswhilealsoreducingthelengthoftimepeoplespentoutofwork.數(shù)據(jù)革命同樣給政府部門帶來(lái)裨益。稅收部門監(jiān)控偷漏稅行為的能力得到了提高(舉例來(lái)說(shuō),政府可以通過(guò)技術(shù)手段重點(diǎn)關(guān)注那些聲稱失業(yè)卻能夠取得不輸于工傷保險(xiǎn)的收入的人);衛(wèi)生部門可以通過(guò)檢視門診數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)分析藥品的成本效益。通過(guò)對(duì)其客戶進(jìn)行詳盡地研究,德國(guó)聯(lián)邦勞工局(theGermanFederalLabourAgency)得以在3年內(nèi)逐步將年支出削減100億歐元(140億美元),同時(shí)減少了人們的工作時(shí)間。MGIarguesthatthedatadelugecouldcreateanewwaveofproductivitygrowth.Properlyused,bigdatacouldsavetheAmericanhealthcaresystem$300billionayearandtheEuropeanpublicsector€250billion.Itcouldalsoenableretailerstoincreasetheiroperatingmarginsby60%.ButitishardtoreadthesefigureswithoutsuccumbingtoBorgesstyledoubts.Willbigpaniesandbiggovernmentsusebigdatatotrampleonthelittleman?AndisthismountainofdatareallyasusefulasMGI’sdataheadsthink?MGI認(rèn)為,海量數(shù)據(jù)能夠催生新一波的生產(chǎn)力增長(zhǎng)。通過(guò)合理利用數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行決策,我們可以為美國(guó)保健系統(tǒng)節(jié)省3000億美元、為歐洲公共部門節(jié)省2500億歐元。合理利用數(shù)據(jù)還將使零售商的運(yùn)營(yíng)效率在目前的基礎(chǔ)上提高60%。然而,面對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)洪流,我們?nèi)皂毐3植柡账故降膽岩蓱B(tài)度:大公司和政府會(huì)不會(huì)利用數(shù)據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì)來(lái)踐踏普通民眾的權(quán)利?海量數(shù)據(jù)真的像MGI的數(shù)據(jù)狂人們所言,有如此巨大的功用? 及類似的零售商通過(guò)對(duì)零售數(shù)據(jù)的熟練駕馭開(kāi)啟了“大賣場(chǎng)革命”(大型郊區(qū)賣場(chǎng)加上超低價(jià)格)。今日的海量數(shù)據(jù)也將為未來(lái)的變革打下基礎(chǔ)。Internetsecurity網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全Mistrustauthority不信任權(quán)威Ahackingattackexposesdeeperflawsin1
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